Language Log

Jeffrey Weng, "What Is Mandarin? The Social Project of Language Standardization in Early Republican China", Journal of Asian Studies, 77.3 (August 2018), 611-633.

Abstract

Scholars who study language often see standard or official languages as oppressive, helping the socially advantaged to entrench themselves as elites. This article questions this view by examining the Chinese case, in which early twentieth-century language reformers attempted to remake their society's language situation to further national integration. Classical Chinese, accessible only to a privileged few, was sidelined in favor of Mandarin, a national standard newly created for the many. This article argues that Mandarin's creation reflected an entirely new vision of society. It draws on archival sources on the design and promulgation of Mandarin from the 1910s to the 1930s to discuss how the way the language was standardized reflected the nature of the imagined future society it was meant to serve. Language reform thus represented a radical rethinking of how society should be organized: linguistic modernity was to be a national modernity, in which all the nation's people would have access to the new official language, and thus increased opportunities for advancement.

Stumbled upon an earliest surviving partial bible translation into Japanese made by Manuel Barreto in 1591 (known as バレト写本 or Reg. lat. 459), here's the first paragraph.

Scans can be found here:https://t.co/pW2nH8Udtj pic.twitter.com/HMehP0F6qd

— Maxim Persikov (Panates) (@gyankotsu) December 5, 2024

In Chinese they are called yùntú 韻圖 / 韵图.  These tools are vitally important in the development of Sinitic phonology, but barely known outside of sinological specialists, so — for the history of world phonology — it is worthwhile to introduce them to linguists in general.

A rime table or rhyme table (simplified Chinese: 韵图; traditional Chinese: 韻圖; pinyin: yùntú; Wade–Giles: yün-t'u) is a Chinese phonological model, tabulating the syllables of the series of rime dictionaries beginning with the Qieyun (601) by their onsets, rhyme groups, tones and other properties. The method gave a significantly more precise and systematic account of the sounds of those dictionaries than the previously used fǎnqiè analysis, but many of its details remain obscure. The phonological system that is implicit in the rime dictionaries and analysed in the rime tables is known as Middle Chinese, and is the traditional starting point for efforts to recover the sounds of early forms of Chinese. Some authors distinguish the two layers as Early and Late Middle Chinese respectively.

[This is a guest post by Robert S. Bauer in response to the video and paper featured in this recent Language Log post:  "Cantonese is both very cool and very old" (4/1/25)]

After I read the paper the first word that came to mind was “Cringeworthy” in regard to the author’s phrase “purer descent”; and the second word was “Superficial” in regard to the author’s knowledge of Cantonese and Chinese linguistics. For instance, the author who has narrowly focused on just those items that support his claims doesn’t seem to know that the Ancient Chinese tone category of Rusheng/Entering Tone which has disappeared from Mandarin was not a particular tone contour; the distinctive feature of Rusheng was that the monomorphosyllables belonging to it had as their finals or endings the three stop consonants -p, -t , -k, all of which have been retained in Cantonese, as well as in various other Chinese topolects of South China.

"Shakespearean focus" featured a 2016 skit in which different actors promoted different focus choices in Hamlet's famous line:

PAAPA ESSIEDU: «To be or not to be that is the question»…
TIM MINCHIN: Right sorry, sorry. I mean – y-yes… I’m – yes – but if you don’t mind a note: O-OR: «To be OR not to be.»
BENEDICT CUMBERBATCH: Try this: «To be or NOT to be, that is the question.»
DAVID TENNANT: Calm down, right. It’s simple. Don’t lose focus: «To be or not to be, THAT is the question.»
RORY KINNEAR: No, no, no, no, no. Idiots! «To be or not to be, that IS the question.»
SIR IAN MCKELLEN: Lend me your ears: «To be or not to be, that is THE question.»
DAME JUDI DENCH: «To be or not TO be.»
PRINCE CHARLES: «To be or not to be, that is the QUESTION.»

David Z. commented:

This reminds one (i.e., me) of the scene in WC Fields's film The Old Fashioned Way, about a troupe of actors, where benefactor Cleopatra Pepperday is promised a role, reciting the line "Here comes the prince." She practices the line many times, emphasizing different words, although she never actually gets to deliver it on stage.

Photograph of a scrumptious birthday cake presented to me on March 25, 2023:

The QWERTY Keyboard Will Never Die. Where Did the 150-Year-Old Design Come From?
The invention’s true origin story has long been the subject of debate. Some argue it was created to prevent typewriter jams, while others insist it’s linked to the telegraph

Jimmy Stamp; Updated by Ellen Wexler (Updated: February 25, 2025 | Originally Published: May 3, 2013)    includes embedded 3:35 video and several interesting historical photographs

Those who have learned to touch type most likely have wondered about the illogical, unalphabetical arrangement of the letters on the keyboard.  But we have learned to live with it, and some of us have become highly proficient at it, while others spend their whole lives hunting and pecking for the desired letters.

A few years after the iPhone’s debut, an innovative new keyboard system started making headlines. Known as KALQ, the split-screen design was created specifically for thumb-typing on smartphones and tablets. It was billed as a more efficient alternative to the ubiquitous QWERTY keyboard, named for the first six letters in the top row of keys.

From time to time, people of all nationalities mistype my given name as "Vicotr".  The weird thing is that I myself fairly often mistype my name that way.

Surely I and the people who write to me know how to spell and pronounce my name.  So why does this mistyping happen so often?   

It garners nearly 50,000 hits on Google.  You can find "Vicotr Hugo" and "RCA Vicotr" online.

There's a website called Names.org that has a long page for "Vicotr", you will find a great deal of information about "Vicotr", including how to pronounce it.  If you push the "play" buttons on this site, the automated male and female voices will dutifully pronounce "Vicotr" for you.

Not only that, this site obligingly provides the following "Fun Facts about the name Vicotr":

• When was the first name Vicotr first recorded in the United States? The oldest recorded birth by the Social Security Administration for the name Vicotr is Tuesday, October 29th, 1878.*
• How unique is the name Vicotr? From 1880 to 2023 less than 5 people per year have been born with the first name Vicotr. Hoorah! You are a unique individual.
• Weird things about the name Vicotr: The name spelled backwards is Rtociv. A random rearrangement of the letters in the name (anagram) will give Ircovt. How do you pronounce that?

*QWERTY was invented in 1874.  One of my forthcoming posts will be about QWERTY, and will include some facts that you almost certainly didn't know about it.

Ottilie Mitchell and Tiffanie Turnbull, "'Nowhere's safe': How an island of penguins ended up on Trump tariff list", BBC 4/4/2025:

Two tiny, remote Antarctic outposts populated by penguins and seals are among the obscure places targeted by the Trump administration's new tariffs.

Heard and McDonald Islands – a territory which sits 4,000km (2,485 miles) south-west of Australia – are only accessible via a seven-day boat trip from Perth, and haven't been visited by humans in almost a decade.

Australian trade minister Don Farrell told the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) that the tariffs were "clearly a mistake".

"Poor old penguins, I don't know what they did to Trump, but, look, I think it's an indication, to be honest with you, that this was a rushed process."

The Japanese writing system consists of three major components — kanji (sinographs), hiragana (cursive syllabary), and katakana (block syllabary).  I would argue that rōmaji (roman letters) are a fourth component.  We have rehearsed and rehashed their different lexical, morphological, and grammatical functions so often that I don't want to waste time going over them again now.  Since we are focusing on katakana in this post, I will merely mention that their main roles are the following:

• transcription of foreign-language words into Japanese
• the writing of loan words (collectively gairaigo)
• emphasis; to represent onomatopoeia
• for technical and scientific terms
• for names of plants, animals, minerals
• often for the names of Japanese companies

(Wikipedia)