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Gender Norms, Occupational Choices, and the Innovation Gender Gap

Author

Listed:
  • Andreas F. Buehler
  • Patrick Lehnert
  • Uschi Backes-Gellner
Abstract
This paper analyzes how social gender norms affect the innovation gender gap, part of which stems from an underrepresentation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education. This underrepresentation is traceable to gender-biased educational and occupational choices. One determinant for such biased choices is social gender norms, which also directly affect the innovation gender gap. We disentangle the direct effect of social gender norms from their indirect effect via educational and occupational choices. Combining municipality-level voting data as a measure for social gender norms with patent data as a measure for innovation outcomes, we apply structural equation modeling. Our results show that more traditional gender norms are associated with a significantly lower number of patents filed by women and that the indirect effect via educational and occupational choices accounts for 5.5% of the total effect. These results are crucial for policymakers: while social gender norms are highly persistent and difficult to change in the short term, promoting greater gender equality in educational and occupational choices can be achieved more quickly and may therefore yield important short-term reductions in the innovation gender gap.

Suggested Citation

  • Andreas F. Buehler & Patrick Lehnert & Uschi Backes-Gellner, 2024. "Gender Norms, Occupational Choices, and the Innovation Gender Gap," Economics of Education Working Paper Series 0230, University of Zurich, Department of Business Administration (IBW).
    • Handle: RePEc:iso:educat:0230
    as

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    File URL: http://repec.business.uzh.ch/RePEc/iso/leadinghouse/0230_lhwpaper.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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    3. Daron Acemoglu & Pascual Restrepo, 2018. "The Race between Man and Machine: Implications of Technology for Growth, Factor Shares, and Employment," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 108(6), pages 1488-1542, June.
    4. Teemu Makkonen & Binshan Lin, 2012. "Continuing vocational training and innovation in Europe," International Journal of Innovation and Learning, Inderscience Enterprises Ltd, vol. 11(4), pages 325-338.
    5. Gema Lax Martínez & Julio Raffo & Kaori Saito, 2016. "Identifying the Gender of PCT inventors," WIPO Economic Research Working Papers 33, World Intellectual Property Organization - Economics and Statistics Division.
    6. repec:iso:educat:0207 is not listed on IDEAS
    7. James Stanley Metcalfe, 2005. "Systems Failure and the Case for Innovation Policy," Springer Books, in: Patrick Llerena & Mireille Matt (ed.), Innovation Policy in a Knowledge-Based Economy, chapter 2, pages 47-74, Springer.
    8. Winters, John V., 2014. "Foreign and Native-Born STEM Graduates and Innovation Intensity in the United States," IZA Discussion Papers 8575, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    9. Basit Zafar, 2013. "College Major Choice and the Gender Gap," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 48(3), pages 545-595.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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    Keywords

    Gender; Education; Occupational Choices; Innovation;
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