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Compétition électorale, biais des électeurs et femmes en politique

Author

Listed:
  • Thomas Le Barbanchon

    (Université Bocconi)

  • Julien Sauvagnat

    (Université Bocconi)

Abstract
Dans le monde, à peine un quart des parlementaires sont des femmes. Malgré des progrès significatifs ces dernières années, les femmes restent largement sous-représentées parmi les élus politiques. Cette étude apporte des éléments d'explications à la sous-représentation des femmes en politique grâce à des données sur les sept dernières élections législatives françaises. D'une part, les analyses suggèrent qu'il existe un « biais » de préférence des électeurs vis-à-vis des candidats masculins. De plus, les partis politiques contribuent à reproduire la sous-représentation des femmes à des fonctions électives en présentant moins de candidates dans les circonscriptions électorales où le biais des électeurs est élevé. Pour favoriser l'accès des femmes à l'exercice politique, la Loi tendant à favoriser l'égal accès des femmes et des hommes aux mandats électoraux et fonctions électives de 2000, aussi appelée « Loi parité », oblige les partis politiques français à présenter 50 % de femmes parmi leurs candidats sous peine de sanctions financières. Comme attendu, l'application de cette loi a permis une progression de la part de femmes parmi les candidats. Néanmoins, elle devient relativement plus faible dans les circonscriptions où le scrutin est serré que dans celles où la majorité est plus largement obtenue. Dans ces circonscriptions « concurrentielles », le paiement d'une amende en cas de dérogation à la règle de parité s'avère plus avantageux comparativement au risque de perdre l'élection en présentant une femme plutôt qu'un homme. Cela suggère que les partis préfèrent encore mettre en avant des candidats plutôt que des candidates pour augmenter leurs chances de remporter le scrutin.

Suggested Citation

  • Thomas Le Barbanchon & Julien Sauvagnat, 2022. "Compétition électorale, biais des électeurs et femmes en politique," Post-Print halshs-03828655, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:halshs-03828655
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03828655v1
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    File URL: https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03828655v1/document
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Bertrand, Marianne, 2011. "New Perspectives on Gender," Handbook of Labor Economics, in: O. Ashenfelter & D. Card (ed.), Handbook of Labor Economics, edition 1, volume 4, chapter 17, pages 1543-1590, Elsevier.
    2. Pablo Casas-Arce & Albert Saiz, 2015. "Women and Power: Unpopular, Unwilling, or Held Back?," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 123(3), pages 641-669.
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