Arameans in Israel
 Easter celebrations in the Syriac Quarter of Bethlehem | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 4,500-5,000[1][2][a] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Nazareth, Jish | |
| Languages | |
| Religion | |
| Syriac Christianity (Maronite Church, Syriac Catholic Church, Syriac Orthodox Church) | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Syriac Christians, especially Maronites and Assyrians in Israel |
Arameans in Israel (Syriac: ܣܘܪ̈ܝܝܐ ܒܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ; Hebrew: ארמים בישראל; Arabic: السريان في إسرائيل) also known as Syriacs in Israel are a Christian minority residing in Israel. They claim to descend from the Arameans, an ancient Semitic-speaking people in the Middle East in the 1st millennium BC.[4]
Some Syriac Christians in the Middle East espouse an Aramean ethnic identity, and a minority still speak various Neo-Aramaic languages, with the Eastern branch being widely spoken. Until 2014, self-identified Arameans in Israel were registered as ethnic Arabs or without an ethnic identity. Since September 2014, Aramean has become a valid identity on the Israeli population census, making Israel the first country in the world to officially recognize Arameans as a modern community. Christian families or clans who can speak Aramaic and/or have an Aramaic family tradition are eligible to register on the census as ethnic Arameans in Israel.[5]
As of 2017, 16 people had registered as Aramean in the Population Registry.[6] According to interviewees in a 2022 article in Middle Eastern Studies, 2,500 Israelis had registered as Arameans at the Israeli Ministry of Interior, whereas another 2,000 have applied for changing their national denomination from Arab to Aramean. These 4,500 people would constitute c. 1.5% of Israel's Christian population.[2]
History
[edit]
Abraham, the father of Western monotheism, was believed to be of Aramean ancestry. The Jews and Christians regard him as the Patriarch of the Jewish people.[7][8][9] Abraham's son Isaac and grandson Jacob, also each took wives of Aramean descent: (respectively, Rebecca, and Leah and Rachel), who originated from the Aramean region of Paddan-Aram. The Aramean presence in Israel goes back to 1100 BCE, when much of Israel came under Aramean rule for eight years according to the Biblical Book of Judges, until Othniel defeated the forces led by Chushan-Rishathaim, the King of Aram-Naharaim.[10]
After the Arameans converted to Syriac Christianity they became involved in the expansion of Christianity throughout the Middle-East, which resulted in various Syriac monasteries and churches being built especially in Jerusalem and Bethlehem of whom the Monastery of Saint Mark, Jerusalem among the oldest. According to a 6th-century inscription Inscription at the Monastery of St Mark's in Jerusalem found during a restoration in 1940, the church is on the ancient site of the house of Mary, mother of St. Mark the Evangelist (Acts 12:12) and the place of the Last Supper of Christ with His disciples. Some Christians believe that the Last Supper was held at the nearby Cenacle on Mount Zion.[11]
Around 1831 large numbers of Syriac Christians started to emigrate to Israel as pilgrims and settled there, mostly originating from the Tur Abdin region.[12] During the Seyfo: the genocide on Syriac Christians in the Ottoman Empire a large mass emigration occurred from Tur-Abdin. They mainly settled in Jerusalem, Bethlehem and in smaller numbers in Jericho and Nazareth. In Bethlehem they also constructed the Virgin Mary church between 1922 and 1928 in the Syriac Quarter.[13]
The 1922 census of Palestine lists 813 Syrian Orthodox (2 in Southern, 784 in Jerusalem-Jaffa, 4 in Samaria, and 23 in Northern) and 323 Syrian Catholic (10 in Southern, 189 in Jerusalem-Jaffa, 14 in Samaria, and 110 in Northern) Christians in Mandatory Palestine. The 1922 census also lists 422 Syriac language speakers (all in Jerusalem-Jaffa), including 408 in municipal areas (38 in Jerusalem, 369 in Bethlehem, 25 in Acre, and 1 in Beit Jala).[14][15]
Legal recognition in Israel
[edit]In September 2014, Minister of the Interior Gideon Sa'ar instructed the PIBA to recognise Arameans as an ethnicity separate from Israeli Arabs.[5][16] Under the Ministry of the Interior's guidance, people born into Christian families or clans who have either Aramaic or Maronite cultural heritage within their family are eligible to register as Arameans. About 200 Christian families were thought to be eligible prior to this decision.[17] According to an August 9, 2013 Israel Hayom article, at that time an estimated 10,500 persons were eligible to receive Aramean ethnic status according to the new regulation, including 10,000 Maronites (which included 2,000 former SLA members) and 500 Syriac Catholics.[18]
The first person to receive the "Aramean" ethnic status in Israel was 2 year old Yaakov Halul in Jish on October 20, 2014.[19]
In 2019, an Israeli court ruled that Aramean minorities could choose a Jewish or Arab education, rather than requiring children with Aramean identity to be automatically enrolled in Arabic-language schools.[20]
Controversy
[edit]The recognition of the Aramean ethnicity caused mixed reactions among Israeli minorities, the Christian community, and among the general Arab Israeli population. Representatives of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem denounced the move.[21]
Mordechai Kedar advocates the recognition of the Aramean identity and calls on the government of Israel to promote the awareness regarding this issue on the basis of the international principle of ethnic self-determination as espoused by Wilson's 14 points.[22] One of the supporters of the recognition of the Aramean identity is Gabriel Naddaf, who is a priest to the Greek Orthodox Christians in Israel. He advocated on behalf of his Aramean followers and thanked the Interior Ministry's decision as a "historic move".[23]
Demographics
[edit]In July 2016, an article in the Ha'aretz estimated the number of Israeli Christians eligible to register as Arameans in Israel to be 13,000.[24] In October 2019, the Israeli Christian Aramaic Organization estimated the number of Israeli citizens, who are eligible to obtain Aramean affiliation at 15,000.[20]
As of 2017, 16 people had registered as Aramean in the Population Registry.[6]
According to interviewees in a 2022 article in Middle Eastern Studies, 2,500 Israelis have registered as Arameans at the Israeli Ministry of Interior, whereas another 2,000 have applied for changing their national denomination from Arab to Aramean. These 4,500 people would constitute c. 1,5% of Israel's Christian population.[2]
See also
[edit]
- Christianity in Israel
- Assyrians in Israel
- Maronites in Israel
- Arameans
- Syriac Orthodox Archbishop of Jerusalem
References
[edit]- ^ https://www.middleeasteye.net/features/syriac-christians-palestine-keep-hope-alive-amid-fears
- ^ a b c Quer, Giovanni M. (2022). "The Israeli Arameans: a people-in-progress". Middle Eastern Studies. 59: 11. doi:10.1080/00263206.2022.2063845. S2CID 255968377.
- ^ [1], "In 2014, Khalloul founded the Israeli Christian Aramaic Association (ICAA), which primarily aims to revitalize and preserve Aramaic Syriac as a language …"
- ^ Ferrand, Antoinette. La diaspora syriaque-orthodoxe de Jérusalem (1831-1948) : Pèlerins, réfugiés et fabrique communautaire à l’époque ottomane et mandataire. Sous la direction de Bernard Heyberger (EHESS).
- ^ a b Yalon, Yori (17 September 2014). "'Aramean' officially recognized as nationality in Israel". Israel Hayom. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
- ^ a b Weissblei 2017.
- ^ My father was a wandering Aramean who went down to Egypt with a small household and lived there as a nomad. But there he became a nation great, strong, and numerous. Deuteronomy 26:5
- ^ "Parshat Ki Tavo: A Wandering Aramean". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com.
- ^ Hendel, Ronald; Hendel, Ronald Stephen (3 February 2005). Remembering Abraham: Culture, Memory, and History in the Hebrew Bible. ISBN 978-0-19-517796-1.
- ^ Boling, Robert G., revised by Richard D. Nelson, Harper Collins Study Bible: The Book of Judges
- ^ "Syriacs: Still Going Strong". 28 March 2017.
- ^ Jerusalem, Open (17 July 2017). "The Syriac Orthodox Diaspora in Jerusalem (1831-1948). Pilgrims, Refugees and Community Building in Ottoman and Mandatory Palestine". Retrieved 30 May 2023.
- ^ Ferrand, Antoinette. La diaspora syriaque-orthodoxe de Jérusalem (1831-1948) : Pèlerins, réfugiés et fabrique communautaire à l’époque ottomane et mandataire. Sous la direction de Bernard Heyberger (EHESS).
- ^ Palestine Census ( 1922).
- ^ Ferrand, Antoinette. La diaspora syriaque-orthodoxe de Jérusalem (1831-1948) : Pèlerins, réfugiés et fabrique communautaire à l’époque ottomane et mandataire. Sous la direction de Bernard Heyberger (EHESS).
- ^ Aderet, Ofer (9 September 2018). "Neither Arab nor Jew: Israel's Unheard Minorities Speak Up After the Nation-state Law". Haaretz.
- ^ Lis, Jonathan (17 September 2014). "Israel recognises Aramean minority in Israel as separate nationality". Haaretz. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
- ^ "Israel Hayom". Archived from the original on 19 October 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
- ^ Newman, Marissa (21 October 2014). "In first, Israeli Christian child registers as Aramean". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
- ^ a b "Israeli court rules that Aramean minority can choose Jewish or Arab education". Haaretz.
- ^ Cohen, Ariel (28 September 2014). "Israeli Greek Orthodox Church denounces Aramaic Christian nationality". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
- ^ "Is There Really an Aramean Nation?". Israel National News. 27 September 2014.
- ^ "New Nationality for Christians: Aramaean". Israel National News. 17 September 2014.
- ^ "הבעיה האמיתית של ספר האזרחות החדש". הארץ.
External links
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ According to interviewees in the article.
Sources
[edit]- Hasegawa, Shuichi (2012). Aram and Israel during the Jehuite Dynasty. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110283488.
- Lemaire, André (2019). "The Boundary between the Aramaean Kingdom of Damascus and the Kingdom of Israel". Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 245–266. ISBN 9789004398535.
- Levin, Yigal (2017). "My Father was a Wandering Aramean: Biblical Views of the Ancestral Relationship between Israel and Aram". Wandering Arameans: Arameans Outside Syria: Textual and Archaeological Perspectives. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 39–52.
- Lipiński, Edward (2000). The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042908598.
- Mazar, Benjamin (1962). "The Aramean Empire and Its Relations with Israel". The Biblical Archaeologist. 25 (4): 97–120. doi:10.2307/3210938. JSTOR 3210938. S2CID 165844359.
- Weissblei, Eti (2017). "Arameans in the Middle East and Israel: Historical Background, Modern National Identity, and Government Policy" (PDF).
- Zwickel, Wolfgang (2019). "Borders between Aram-Damascus and Israel: A Historical Investigation". Aramaean Borders: Defining Aramaean Territories in the 10th–8th Centuries B.C.E. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 267–335. ISBN 9789004398535.
- * Ferrand, Antoinette. La diaspora syriaque-orthodoxe de Jérusalem (1831-1948) : Pèlerins, réfugiés et fabrique communautaire à l’époque ottomane et mandataire. EHESS.