Arizona Marijuana Legalization, Proposition 205 (2016)
Arizona Proposition 205 | |
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Election date November 8, 2016 | |
Topic Marijuana | |
Status | |
Type State statute | Origin Citizens |
2016 measures |
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May 17 |
Proposition 123 |
Proposition 124 |
November 8 |
Proposition 205 |
Proposition 206 |
Polls |
Voter guides |
Campaign finance |
Signature costs |
The Arizona Marijuana Legalization Initiative, also known as Proposition 205, was on the November 8, 2016, ballot in Arizona as an initiated state statute. It was defeated.
A "yes" vote supported legalizing the possession and consumption of marijuana by people 21 years old and up. |
A "no" vote opposed this measure to legalize the possession and consumption of marijuana by people 21 years old and up.[1] |
This election was one of Ballotpedia's top 10 state-level races in 2016. Click here to read the full list.
Election results
Proposition 205 | ||||
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Result | Votes | Percentage | ||
1,300,344 | 51.32% | |||
Yes | 1,233,323 | 48.68% |
- Election results from Arizona Secretary of State
Overview
Status of marijuana in Arizona
In Arizona, the possession and use of marijuana for recreational purposes is illegal. The passage of Proposition 200 in 1996 allowed doctors to prescribe marijuana and other Schedule 1 drugs. A battle ensued between the initiative's proponents and legislative opponents thereafter. The conflict came to a head in 2010, when voters approved a medical marijuana initiative titled Proposition 203. Although the Obama administration's Department of Justice decided not to prosecute most individuals and businesses consuming or selling marijuana in keeping with state and local laws, both medical and recreational marijuana were illegal under federal law in 2016.[1][2] Proposition 205 would have made recreational marijuana legal in Arizona state law.
State of ballot measure campaigns
The Campaign to Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol raised $6.5 million in funds. Opponents received about $6.4 million. The largest donor to the "Yes" campaign was the Marijuana Policy Project. The largest donor to the "No" campaign was Discount Tire. Insys Therapeutics, a producer of a synthetic painkillers, contributed $500,000 to the opposition, which set off a debate on whether the business opposes the initiative from the perspective of children's health or financial gain. Proposition 205 was the only initiative to legalize marijuana in 2016 in which opponents received more contributions than supporters. Kevin Sabet, the co-founder of SAM Action, said the measure's defeat provided opponents of marijuana legalization with a model. He stated, "The overarching lesson was that if we could raise enough money early, we can win. Arizona was the only state where we were toe to toe with the 'yes' side, and it's the only state we started early in."[3] Polls showed a close battle between August 2016 and November 2016, with support and opposition both around 46 percent during this period.
Initiative design
Marijuana users
People aged 21 years or older would have been permitted to possess and use one ounce or less of marijuana and grow up to six plants in their homes.[4][5]
Marijuana regulation
The measure would have established a Department of Marijuana Licenses and Control, which would have been tasked with regulating the cultivation, manufacturing, testing, transportation, and sale of marijuana. The Arizona governor would have appointed the department’s director.[4]
Proposition 205 would have established fines for smoking or using in a public place, underage use, unauthorized production, and possession over legal limits. The maximum fine would have been $300 and community service.
Counties, cities, and towns would have been empowered to regulate and limit marijuana businesses. The measure was also designed to allow medical marijuana facilities to transition to recreational marijuana facilities.
Marijuana taxes
- See also: Fiscal analysis of Proposition 205
A 15 percent tax would have been levied on the sale of marijuana. Revenue would have been deposited in a Marijuana Fund and distributed to the Department of Marijuana Licenses and Control and the Department of Revenue, localities where marijuana establishments exist, school districts and charter schools, and the Arizona Department of Health Services.[4]
Text of measure
Ballot title
The ballot title was as follows:[1]
“ | ALLOWS INDIVIDUALS TO POSSESS, GROW AND PURCHASE MARIJUANA FROM STATE-LICENSED FACILITIES FOR PERSONAL USE.
A “yes” vote shall have the effect of permitting individuals 21 years and older to privately use, possess, manufacture, give away, or transport up to 1 ounce of marijuana and grow up to 6 marijuana plants at the individual’s residence; generally declaring violations of the Act (including public use) a petty offense punishable by no more than a $300 fine; creating the Department of Marijuana Licenses and Control, which includes a 7-member Marijuana Commission appointed by the Governor, to regulate and license entities involved in cultivating, manufacturing, distributing, selling, and testing marijuana products; granting local jurisdictions limited authority to enact ordinances and rules to regulate marijuana and marijuana products; establishing licensing fees for marijuana establishments and levying a 15% tax on all marijuana and marijuana products; and declaring all marijuana establishment contracts enforceable notwithstanding any conflict with federal law. A “no” vote shall have the effect of retaining existing law, which prohibits individuals from using, possessing, growing or purchasing marijuana unless the individual is authorized by and doing so in compliance with the Arizona Medical Marijuana Act.[6] |
” |
Ballot summary
The ballot summary was as follows:[4]
“ |
The Regulation and Taxation of Marijuana Act: (1) establishes a 15% tax on retail marijuana sales, from which the revenue will be allocated to public health and education; (2) allows adults twenty-one years of age and older to possess and to privately consume and grow limited amounts of marijuana; (3) creates a system in which licensed businesses can produce and sell marijuana; (4) establishes a Department of Marijuana Licenses and Control to regulate the cultivation, manufacturing, testing, transportation, and sale of marijuana; and (5) provides local governments with the authority to regulate and limit marijuana businesses.[6] |
” |
Full text
The full text of the measure can be found here.
Fiscal analysis
- See also: Fiscal analysis statement
An extended summary of the fiscal analysis statement can be found here.
Support
The Campaign to Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol, also known as Yes on 205, led the campaign in support of Proposition 205.[7] The Marijuana Policy Project of Arizona sponsored the campaign.[8]
Supporters
Officials
- U.S. Rep. Raul Grijalva (D-3)[9]
- U.S. Rep. Ruben Gallego (D-7)[10]
- U.S. Rep. Earl Blumenauer (D-3) of Oregon[11]
- Sen. Martin Quezada (D-29)[12]
- Jesus Rubalcava, President of the Gila Bend Unified School District Board[13]
- Buck Crouch, President of the Sunnyside Unified School District Board
- Daniel Hernandez, Member of the Sunnyside Unified School District Board
- Devin Del Palacio, Vice President of the Tolleson Union High School District Board
- Channel Powe, Member of the Balsz School District Board
Former officials
- Senate Majority Leader Tom Patterson (R-26)[9]
Parties
- Arizona Democratic Party[14]
- La Paz County Republican Committee[9]
- Arizona Liberty Caucus
Organizations
- Marijuana Policy Project
- NORML[15]
- Las Adelitas Arizona[9]
Businesses
- Dr. Bronner’s[16]
Individuals
Yes on 205's "Regulation Works"
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- Finn Selander, former special DEA agent[17]
- Michael Capasso, former special DEA agent
- Jim McMahon, former NFL football player[18]
- Rev. Sherman Fort, Senior Pastor, Canaan Missionary Baptist Church[19]
- Rev. Terry Sims, Minister, Unitarian Universalist Church of Sunrise
- Rev. Bart Smith, Pastor, St. Mark's Presbyterian Church
- Rev. Warren Stewart, Jr., Lead Pastor, Church of the Remnant
- Rabbi Dr. Schmuly Yanklowitz, President and Dean, Valley Beit Midrash
- Rev. Jim Wiltbank, Pastor, St. Francis in the Foothills United Methodist Church
- Rev. Alexander E. Sharp, Executive Director, Clergy for a New Drug Policy
- Susan Sarandon, actress[20]
Medical professionals
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Arguments
Supporters made the following arguments in support of Proposition 205:[22][23]
- The proposition would replace the underground marijuana market and cartels with a regulated market and licensed businesses, making communities safer.
- The proposition would allow law enforcement to focus on more serious crimes than marijuana possession.
- The proposition would create thousands of new jobs and support local businesses.
- The proposition would provide revenue to schools and local governments.
- The proposition would repeal anti-marijuana laws that disproportionately impact racial minorities.
The Campaign to Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol, the group sponsoring the initiative, argued four points:[22]
“ | Safer Communities
Regulation Works
Money for Schools
Social Justice
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” |
J.P. Holyoak, the Chair of the Campaign to Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol, contended: [24]
“ | The idea that this would cause insurance premiums to go up or workplace accidents, or some of the other arguments that they’re making, it ignores the fact that marijuana is already out there, it’s easily and readily accessible to anybody and everybody that wants it ... We are better off taxing it and regulating it.[6] | ” |
Carlos Alfaro, a political director for the Marijuana Policy Project, stated:[25]
“ | A part of the opposition’s argument is that we’re trying to radically change the way we are doing things and we are. In a way we are ending prohibition that has been in place since the 1930s, but it's not going to look anything like they’re saying. They’re saying there is going to be a marijuana store on every corner and that it is going to be unregulated and that’s just not the case.[6] | ” |
Ryan Hurley, an attorney, argued:[26]
“ | It's not a matter of people saying marijuana is good, or marijuana is bad. What we are making the decision to do is taking this away from the illegal criminal cartels and instead tax and regulate it for the benefit of Arizona's education and health care.[6] | ” |
Arguments filed in support
The following arguments were filed with the Arizona secretary of state's office in support:[23]
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Campaign advertisements
The following video advertisements were produced by the Campaign to Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol:[27]
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Opposition
Arizonans for Responsible Drug Policy, also known as No on 205, led the campaign in opposition to Proposition 205.[28]
Opponents
Officials
- Gov. Doug Ducey (R)[29]
- U.S. Rep. Trent Franks (R-8)
- U.S. Rep. Matt Salmon (R-5)
- Sen. Sylvia Allen (R-6)[30]
- Sen. Nancy Barto (R-15)
- Sen. Andy Biggs (R-12)
- Sen. Judy Burges (R-22)
- Sen. Sue Donahue (R-5)
- Sen. David Farnsworth (R-16)
- Sen. Gail Griffin (R-14)
- Sen. John Kavanagh (R-23)
- Sen. Debbie Lesko (R-21)
- Sen. Steve Pierce (R-1)
- Sen. Don Shooter (R-13)
- Sen. Steve Smith (R-11)
- Sen. Bob Worsley (R-25)
- Sen. Steve Yarbrough (R-17)
- Sen. Kimberly Yee (R-20)
- Rep. John Allen (R-15)
- Rep. Sonny Borrelli (R-5)
- Rep. Russell Bowers (R-25)
- Rep. Paul Boyer (R-20)
- Rep. Noel Campbell (R-1)
- Rep. Regina Cobb (R-5)
- Rep. Doug Coleman (R-16)
- Rep. Mark Finchem (R-11)
- Rep. Rick Gray (R-21)
- Rep. Karen Fann (R-1)
- Rep. Anthony Kern (R-20)
- Rep. Jay Lawrence (R-23)
- Rep. Vince Leach (R-11)
- Rep. David Livingston (R-22)
- Rep. Phil Lovas (R-22)
- Rep. J.D. Mesnard (R-17)
- Rep. Steve Montenegro (R-13)
- Rep. Jill Norgaard (R-18)
- Rep. Justin Olson (R-25)
- Rep. Warren Petersen (R-12)
- Rep. David Stevens (R-14)
- Rep. Bob Thorpe (R-6)
- Rep. Kelly Townsend (R-16)
- Mayor John Suthers (R), Colorado Springs, CO[31]
- Mayor Douglas J. Nicholls, Yuma[32]
- Mayor Jerry Sanchez, San Luis
- Mayor Cecilia C. McCollough, Wellton
Former officials
- Former U.S. Secretary of Education Bill Bennet (R)[29]
Organizations
- Arizona Republican Party[33]
- Arizona Chamber of Commerce & Industry[34]
- Arizona Association of County School Superintendents[35]
- Arizona Association of Chiefs of Police[36]
- Arizona Catholic Conference of Bishops[29]
- Arizona Fraternal Order of Police
- Arizona Small Business Association
- Arizona State Troopers Association
- Arizona Rock Product Association
- Arizona Trucking Association
- Arizona Hospital & Healthcare Association
- Center for Arizona Policy
- Arizona Lodging & Tourism Association
- Associated General Contractors, AZ Chapter
- Arizona Manufacturers Council
- Teen Challenge of Arizona
- Cottonwood Chamber of Commerce
- Fountain Hills Chamber of Commerce
- Greater Phoenix Chamber
- Marana Chamber of Commerce
- Tucson Hispanic Chamber of Commerce
- Gilbert Chamber of Commerce
- The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Office of the First Presidency[37]
- Arizonans for Mindful Regulation[38]
Businesses
- Insys Therapeutics[39]
- Discount Tire[40]
- U-Haul
Individuals
Arguments
Arizonans for Responsible Drug Policy’s “Think Marijuana’s Harmless? Think Again.”
|
Opponents made the following arguments in opposition to Proposition 205:[43][44]
- The proposition would give more power to Big Marijuana.
- The proposition would allow marijuana companies to profit by targeting children.
- The proposition would protect drivers under the influence of marijuana, making roads less safe.
- The proposition would create bigger and costlier government with a new state department.
- The economic costs of marijuana impacts, such as drug treatment and school dropouts, would outstrip potential increases in tax revenue.
Arizonans for Responsible Drug Policy, the group opposing the initiative, argued four points in one of their pamphlets:[43]
“ | Law creates marijuana monopoly
The law will create and protect a massive for-profit monopoly selling addictive products, just like Big Tobacco. Big Marijuana special interests will get rich while the rest of us pay the price. Potent edibles endanger our children The law allows Big Marijuana to profit from marijuana-laced edibles in the form of candies, cookies and lollipops - all foods that are clearly targeted to our children. Even worse, accidental ingestion by youth is up over 600% in marijuana-friendly states. Marijuana makes our roads more dangerous The law will afford marijuana-impaired drivers with legal protections, despite statistics that show fatalities are on the rise in states that have legalized recreational marijuana. 20 pages of new laws protect Big Marijuana The law is over 20 pages filled with legalese that creates another state commission and another state department. All this means bigger and costlier government.[6] |
” |
Mark Dannels, sheriff of Cochise County, said:[45]
“ | Anyone who isn’t seeing what’s going on in Colorado right now needs to understand what’s happening there so they know the impact of what could happen here. ... Not one sheriff I spoke to from Colorado had anything good to say about what’s happening in their state since this was legalized.[6] | ” |
Arguments filed in opposition
The following are some of the arguments filed with the Arizona secretary of state's office in opposition:[44]
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Campaign advertisements
The following video advertisements were produced by Arizonans for Responsible Drug Policy:[46]
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Campaign finance
A total of five campaign committees were registered, with one in support and four against Proposition 205. The contribution and expenditure totals below were current as of January 16, 2017.[47]
Kevin Sabet of SAM Action said the measure's defeat provided opponents of marijuana legalization with a model. He stated, "The overarching lesson was that if we could raise enough money early, we can win. Arizona was the only state where we were toe to toe with the 'yes' side, and it's the only state we started early in."[3] Arizona Proposition 205 was the only marijuana legalization initiative in 2016 where opponents raised a similar amount of funds as supporters.[3]
Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions | Cash Expenditures | Total Expenditures | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Support | $6,547,688.96 | $0.00 | $6,547,688.96 | $6,524,881.15 | $6,524,881.15 |
Oppose | $6,368,195.67 | $0.00 | $6,368,195.67 | $6,208,651.46 | $6,208,651.46 |
Total | $12,915,884.63 | $0.00 | $12,915,884.63 | $12,733,532.61 | $12,733,532.61 |
Support
The following table includes contribution and expenditure totals for the committees in support of the measure.[47]
Committees in support of Proposition 205 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Committee | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions | Cash Expenditures | Total Expenditures |
Campaign to Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol, Sponsored by Marijuana Policy Project, Yes on Prop 205 | $6,547,688.96 | $0.00 | $6,547,688.96 | $6,524,881.15 | $6,524,881.15 |
Total | $6,547,688.96 | $0.00 | $6,547,688.96 | $6,524,881.15 | $6,524,881.15 |
Donors
The following were the top donors to the committee.[47]
Donor | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions |
---|---|---|---|
Marijuana Policy Project | $1,473,363.57 | $0.00 | $1,473,363.57 |
Dr. Bronner's Magic Soaps | $550,000.00 | $0.00 | $550,000.00 |
Drug Policy Action | $350,000.00 | $0.00 | $350,000.00 |
Holistic Patient Wellness Group | $250,000.00 | $0.00 | $250,000.00 |
Marijuana Policy Project Foundation | $241,972.38 | $0.00 | $241,972.38 |
Opposition
The following table includes contribution and expenditure totals for the committees in opposition to the initiative.[47]
Committees in opposition to Proposition 205 | |||||
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Committee | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions | Cash Expenditures | Total Expenditures |
Arizonians for Responsible Drug Policy in Opposition to Prop 205 | $6,359,490.78 | $0.00 | $6,359,490.78 | $6,199,997.95 | $6,199,997.95 |
Marijuana Consumers Against Fake Marijuana Legalization, No on Prop 205 | $7,790.49 | $0.00 | $7,790.49 | $7,739.11 | $7,739.11 |
Just Vote No Arizona - No on Prop 205 | $914.40 | $0.00 | $914.40 | $914.40 | $914.40 |
No on Prop 205 (in opposition to Prop 205) | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 | $0.00 |
Total | $6,368,195.67 | $0.00 | $6,368,195.67 | $6,208,651.46 | $6,208,651.46 |
Donors
The following were the top donors to the committee.[47]
Donor | Cash Contributions | In-Kind Contributions | Total Contributions |
---|---|---|---|
Discount Tire | $1,000,000.00 | $0.00 | $1,000,000.00 |
Arizona Chamber of Commerce & Industry | $585,247.80 | $0.00 | $585,247.80 |
Insy's Therapeutics, Inc. | $500,000.00 | $0.00 | $500,000.00 |
Sheldon Adelson | $500,000.00 | $0.00 | $500,000.00 |
Empire Southwest, LLC | $350,000.00 | $0.00 | $350,000.00 |
Media editorials
Support
- Aztec Pres said: "While it may be tempting to laugh at ridiculous arguments from the “no” side, it’s worth remembering the message may resonate with a demographic that votes. That’s why we think voting yes on Prop. 205 is vitally import to personal liberty. Whether or not you enjoy an occasional jazz cigarette, let’s end this nasty experiment with marijuana prohibition."[48]
- Tucson Weekly said: "Is this initiative perfect? No, but it's better than the status quo. It creates a regulated system so that you won't have a pot shop on every corner. It generates tax revenues from marijuana sales that go to help with drug treatment and Arizona's schools, which could sure use the bucks. And you know what? It's your best chance to send a message that the laws against weed are archaic and unfair. It's a sure bet that state lawmakers aren't going to take any steps towards decriminalizing weed, so this is your only chance to make it happen."[49]
Opposition
- The Arizona Republic said: "While we believe it is responsible to explore the legalization of marijuana, The Arizona Republic opposes Proposition 205 for several reasons:
- It experiments with the health of our children.
- It is a money grab by the medical marijuana industry.
- It would set in concrete drug policy that would be hard to amend with corrective legislation.
- And there is no urgency to do this now."[50]
Polls
- See also: Polls, 2016 ballot measures
- In mid-April 2016, a poll commission by opponents of the ballot measure was released to The Arizona Republic. The poll found that a plurality of those surveyed opposed marijuana legalization in Arizona.[51]
- Between August 17 and August 31, 2016, The Arizona Republic, in cooperation with Morrison and Cronkite News, found that 50 percent of those surveyed supported Proposition 205. The poll found that about 64 percent of Democrats and 53 percent of independents in the state favored marijuana legalization, while 56 percent of Republicans opposed it.[52]
- OH Predictive Insights conducted a poll in late August, finding a simple majority in opposition to marijuana legalization. Pollster Mike Noble noted that "for every voter who pulls the lever for Donald Trump this November has a 72 percent likelihood they will vote ‘No’ on legalizing recreational marijuana. Conversely, Hillary Clinton voters have a 57 percent likelihood of voting ‘Yes’ on legalizing recreational marijuana."[53]
- OH Predictive Insights released a poll on October 10, 2016, showing 44 percent of respondents supporting and 49 percent opposing Proposition 205.[54]
- In mid-October 2016, HighGround Public Affairs surveyed 400 likely voters and found 49.8 percent of respondents supporting the initiative.[55]
- The Arizona Republic, Morrison, and Cronkite News released a poll in mid-October 2016 showing 50.4 percent of respondents in support of Proposition 205.[56]
- Data Orbital surveyed 550 likely voters on October 29 and October 30, 2016, and found support for the measure at 45 percent. Opposition was at 51 percent.[57]
- On November 1 and November 2, 2016, Data Orbital surveyed 550 likely voters and found support for Proposition 205 at 48 percent, while opposition was at 47 percent.[58]
Arizona Proposition 205 (2016) | |||||||||||||||||||
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Poll | Support | Oppose | Undecided | Margin of error | Sample size | ||||||||||||||
Data Orbital 11/01/2016 - 11/02/2016 | 48.0% | 47.0% | 4.0% | +/-4.12 | 550 | ||||||||||||||
Data Orbital 10/29/2016 - 10/30/2016 | 45.0% | 51.0% | 4.0% | +/-4.12 | 550 | ||||||||||||||
The Arizona Republic, Morrison, and Cronkite News 10/10/2016 - 10/15/2016 | 50.4% | 41.6% | 8.0% | +/-4.0 | 811 | ||||||||||||||
HighGround Public Affairs 10/14/2016 | 49.8% | 45.3% | 4.9% | +/-4.88 | 400 | ||||||||||||||
Data Orbital 10/11/2016 - 10/12/2016 | 44.0% | 45.0% | 11.0% | +/-4.12 | 500 | ||||||||||||||
OH Predictive Insights 9/28/2016 - 9/30/2016 | 43.0% | 47.0% | 10.0% | +/-3.66 | 718 | ||||||||||||||
OH Predictive Insights 8/24/2016 - 8/27/2016 | 40.0% | 51.0% | 9.0% | +/-3.63 | 728 | ||||||||||||||
The Arizona Republic, Morrison, and Cronkite News 8/17/2016 - 8/31/2016 | 50.0% | 40.0% | 10.0% | +/-3.4 | 784 | ||||||||||||||
The Arizona Republic 4/11/2016 - 4/14/2016 | 43.0% | 49.0% | 8.0% | +/-4.0 | 500 | ||||||||||||||
AVERAGES | 45.91% | 46.32% | 7.66% | +/-3.99 | 615.67 | ||||||||||||||
Note: The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org. |
Background
Medical marijuana
Voting on Marijuana | |||
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Ballot Measures | |||
By state | |||
By year | |||
Not on ballot | |||
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Arizonans approved Proposition 200, a measure designed to allow doctors to prescribe marijuana and other Schedule I drugs to treat patients, in 1996. Lawmakers in the Arizona Legislature passed a bill the following year requiring the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to approve medical marijuana before doctors could prescribe the drug. Sam Vagenas, a backer of Proposition 200, contended, "There's no doubt they're gutting the will of the people." The Bill Clinton administration's Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) Director Barry McCaffrey lauded the legislature's move, saying, "The Legislature of Arizona has taken a very responsible course of action."[59]
Voters rejected a referendum, titled Proposition 300, on the bill to require the FDA to approve marijuana and other drugs before doctors could prescribe the drugs. As voters rejected the referendum, they effectively voted to uphold the section of Proposition 200 allowing doctors to prescribe Schedule I drugs.
Proponents of Proposition 200 were involved in crafting Proposition 105 in 1998. Although Proposition 105 had nothing to do with medical marijuana, proponents saw the initiative as a means to decreasing legislative alteration with marijuana initiatives in the future. Supporters did not want a repeat of what the legislature did to Proposition 200.[60] The measure was approved, and it required a three-fourths vote in the legislature to amend an approved initiative.
In 2010, proponents of medical marijuana celebrated a narrow victory in Proposition 203. The Arizona Republic reported that every year between Proposition 203's approval and 2016, the Arizona Legislature attempted to limit access to medical marijuana.[61]
State legislation
Legalization bills
In January 2015, Rep. Mark Cardenas (D-19) introduced a proposal to legalize recreational marijuana. He argued that voters would pass an initiative in 2016 unless the Arizona Legislature first approved recreational marijuana. Referring to laws preventing the legislature from altering or repealing citizen initiatives, he said there were benefits to legislative approval that would not come with initiative approval. Cardenas noted, "We've seen issues with our medical-marijuana system ... but it's nearly impossible to come back at the Legislature and adjust it because we need 75 percent of the Legislature (to approve any changes to a voter-approved measure). This would give us more leeway. If there were unforeseen consequences, we could easily come back and adjust it the next year." He continued, "We have to be smart about governing. If it's going to happen, let's get ahead of it and make sure we have the conversations to come up with the best program possible."[62] Cardenas' House Bill 2007 was designed to legalize the purchase, possession and consumption of marijuana for persons who are 21 years of age or older. The bill was also written to regulate and tax marijuana. HB 2007 was not approved in 2015.[63] Cardenas compared his proposed system to Colorado's, which was approved by voters in 2012.[62]
Blocking bills
- See also: 2015 and 2016 changes to laws governing initiatives
Several laws were proposed by state legislators in 2015 and 2016 to directly impede initiatives legalizing marijuana or to indirectly make them more difficult by imposing additional restrictions on the initiative process. These efforts included both a failed bill proposed in 2015 and a 2016 bill designed to require a 75 percent and 60 percent supermajority, respectively, to approve any initiative that conflicted with federal law or proposed the legalization of a federally banned substance such as marijuana. Other laws were designed to impose distribution requirements for initiative signature gathering or allow the legislature more authority to alter or repeal citizen initiatives. For details about such laws proposed in 2015, click here, and, for details about changes to the Arizona initiative process proposed in 2016, click here.
Legalization initiatives
California Proposition 19, which would have legalized marijuana, appeared on the ballot in 2010. It was defeated, with 53.5 percent of voters casting "no" votes.[64] U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder came out against Proposition 19, saying President Obama's (D) administration would "vigorously enforce the (Controlled Substances Act) against those individuals and organizations that possess, manufacture or distribute marijuana for recreational use, even if such activities are permitted under state law." Support for the proposition dropped drastically following Holder's statement.[65] Mason Tvert, spokesperson for the Marijuana Policy Project, said the 2010 initiative was defeated because "it was done during a midterm election." He continued, "If it had been done in a presidential election, things might have turned out very differently. We find that the more people who vote, the more who favor ending marijuana prohibition."[66]
In 2012, legalized recreational marijuana advocates saw their first statewide victories in Colorado and Washington. Two years later, voters in Oregon and Alaska approved marijuana legalization, and President Obama revised his position on recreational marijuana, stating, "We've got bigger fish to fry. It would not make sense for us to see a top priority as going after recreational users in states that have determined that it's legal."[2]
Arizona, California, Maine, Massachusetts, and Nevada all had marijuana legalization measures appearing on the 2016 ballot.
The following map depicts the legal status of recreational marijuana in different states:
Noteworthy events
Use of public resources to educate or influence
Brnovich's opinion
Attorney General Mark Brnovich (R) issued a formal legal opinion advising public officials they could use their public offices and resources to "educate" voters about recreational marijuana, despite laws prohibiting the use of public funds to influence elections. His May 2015 opinion came a few weeks after supporters officially submitted a request to circulate a marijuana legalization initiative. Brnovich's statement was in response to a request from Yavapai County Attorney Sheila Polk, who led an effort to kill the initiative proposal. While Polk organized a political action committee to collect private contributions, she was concerned about her legal capacities as a public official to argue against legalization now that an initiative exists.[67]
The Marijuana Policy Project of Arizona, which led the initiative campaign, criticized Brnovich's opinion. Ryan Hurley, the group's attorney, contended, "If they [officials] want to say in their opinion that marijuana might be harmful to society, maybe that's something that they can do," but if officials argue marijuana legalization is bad "that's advocating a position on the initiative." Hurley said advocation was breaking the law.[68] According to Christina Sandefur of the Goldwater Institute, state government spending on voter information was limited by statute to "neutral government-sponsored debates or forums, or election publicity pamphlets."[69]
On May 14, 2015, Brnovich rescinded his formal legal opinion. His press aide, Kristen Keogh, said Brnovich did so in response to allegations that his opinion could be used in defense of "government abuse," an issue he took "very seriously." The attorney general said he would issue another statement about the issue, one that was "more clear" and protected taxpayers, according to the office's communications officer, Ryan Anderson.[69]
In July 2015, Attorney General Mark Brnovich released his second opinion on the use of public resources to influence elections. He concluded that using public resources to oppose marijuana legalization becomes "influence" instead of "education" when "an official serial number is assigned to the petition."[70]
Public funding of opponents
Partners Against Narcotics Trafficking (PANT), a drug-enforcement task force in Yavapai County, donated $50,000 seized in anti-racketeering operations to the anti-marijuana group MATFORCE.[71] The organization had a website page captioned, "Let’s Stop the Push for Legalization."[72]
Tim Jeffries, director of the Department of Economic Security (DES), sent an email to thousands of the department's employees in September 2016. The subject line read, "Fwd: Alcohol "safer" than marijuana??????? You be the judge." Most of the email was a forwarded anti-marijuana article written by a member of Arizonans for Responsible Drug Policy named Seth Leibsohn. According to Tasya Peterson, director of Communications at DES, "Senior leadership regularly circulates articles and news stories regarding current events" and the memo was "sent purely for informational purposes."[73]
A spokesperson at the attorney general's office reiterated that state employees were not allowed to use public resources "for the purposes of influencing the outcomes of elections." However, "[T]his appears to be a matter that could be addressed internally between Director Jeffries and his boss." Jeffries' boss was Gov. Ducey. The governor's office, addressing Jeffries' email, stated, "Our office has made it clear that electioneering using state resources is completely unacceptable. Based on our review, we do not believe this email meets that description."
J.P. Holyoak of the Campaign to Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol reached out to Tim Jeffries, asking him to share pro-marijuana literature with his employees. In his message to Jeffries, Holyoak said, "In order to ensure that you are not attempting to influence the outcome of the election, we hope you agree it is appropriate to distribute to that same email list the information that we have compiled on the same topic covered in the email you forwarded from Seth Leibsohn of Arizonans for Responsible Drug Policy. ... To be fair, we have made the subject of this email similar to Mr. Leibsohn’s so that you can simply forward it in a similar manner. Thank you in advance for providing equal treatment to both sides in this debate."[74]
State law
Arizona Revised Statutes §11-410 addresses the use of public resources by counties to influence the outcome of an election. The first three subsections of the law state the following:[75]
“ | A. A county shall not spend or use its resources, including the use or expenditure of monies, accounts, credit, facilities, vehicles, postage, telecommunications, computer hardware and software, web pages, personnel, equipment, materials, buildings or any other thing of value, for the purpose of influencing the outcomes of elections. Notwithstanding this section, a county may distribute informational pamphlets on a proposed bond election as provided in section 35-454 if those informational pamphlets present factual information in a neutral manner. Nothing in this section precludes a county from reporting on official actions of the county board of supervisors.
B. This section does not prohibit the use of county resources, including facilities and equipment, for government-sponsored forums or debates if the government sponsor remains impartial and the events are purely informational and provide an equal opportunity to all viewpoints. The rental and use of a public facility by a private person or entity that may lawfully attempt to influence the outcome of an election is permitted if it does not occur at the same time and place as a government-sponsored forum or debate. C. Employees of a county shall not use the authority of their positions to influence the vote or political activities of any subordinate employee.[6] |
” |
Insys contribution to opponents
Insys Therapeutics, a producer of a synthetic fentanyl painkiller based in Arizona, contributed $500,000 to Arizonans for Responsible Drug Policy on August 31, 2016. This was the largest contribution against any marijuana legalization initiative to date.[76]
The business claimed to oppose Proposition 205 because "it fails to protect the safety of Arizona’s citizens, and particularly its children."[77]
In a briefing filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on August 17, 2016, Insys Therapeutics argued that legalized marijuana would limit the "commercial success" of dronabinol, a synthetic cannabinoid that the company was developing.[78] An excerpt from the briefing read:[79]
“ | Legalization of marijuana or non-synthetic cannabinoids in the United States could significantly limit the commercial success of any dronabinol product candidate.
Currently, dronabinol is one of a limited number of FDA-approved synthetic cannabinoids in the United States. Therefore in the United States, dronabinol products do not have to compete with natural cannabis or non-synthetic cannabinoids such as GW Pharmaceutical’s Sativex®. Literature has been published arguing the benefits of marijuana over dronabinol. Moreover, irrespective of its potential medical applications, there is some support in the United States for legalization of marijuana. If marijuana or non-synthetic cannabinoids were legalized in the United States, the market for dronabinol product sales would likely be significantly reduced and our ability to generate revenue and our business prospects would be materially adversely affected.[6] |
” |
Leader of the Campaign to Regulate Marijuana like Alcohol, J.P. Holyoak, slammed the company, contending, "You have a company using profits from the sale of what has been called 'the most potent and dangerous opioid on the market’ to prevent adults from using a far less harmful substance." He added, "It appears they are trying to kill a non-pharmaceutical market for marijuana in order to line their own pockets."[76] In response, Adam Deguire, a campaign consultant for opponents, argued that the pro-legalization campaign was "overwhelmingly financed by marijuana special-interest groups who stand to make millions from its passage." His campaign "is grateful to have the strong financial support from many in the Arizona business community."[77]
Insys Therapeutics was, at the time, facing federal and state investigations and a shareholder lawsuit "over allegations that it improperly marketed the drug to doctors in an effort to boost sales," according to the Washington Post. Additionally, an employee pleaded guilty to fraud related to fentanyl purchases. Other employees were arrested over similar charges. FBI Assistant Director Diego Rodriguez criticized such schemes, stating, "This case should be something the medical industry and the general public should pay close attention to because it’s one of the reasons we’re experiencing an epidemic of overdoses and deaths in this country."[76]
Impact on drug trafficking
Arizonans were presented with conflicting headlines about Proposition 205’s estimated impact on drug trafficking and cartels. Fortune titled an Associated Press article, “Legalizing Marijuana in Arizona Could Strengthen Drug Cartels,” while PBS Newshour titled the same exact article, “Here’s how legal pot in Arizona could upend the drug cartels.”[80][81] Some in law enforcement contended legalized marijuana would strengthen cartels, encouraging them to sell drugs more dangerous than marijuana. Others argued that legalize marijuana would undercut cartels, as the legal market would overcome the underground market.
According to Carlos Alfaro of Yes on 205, legalization of marijuana in other states, such as Colorado, Oregon, and Washington, decreased the number of marijuana seizures along the border with Mexico. He said, "Now cartels have competition. They have to compete with legitimate business in the U.S. with product that is more pure, with regulations on the shelf and prices." Finn Selander, a DEA agent, stated, "Sixty percent of the cartels’ revenues come from marijuana alone. Prop. 205 is going to actually take that money that would normally go the cartels, so to say, and it’s going to put it into the communities."[82] Statistics from U.S. Customs and Border Protection show marijuana seizures dropping 39 percent nationwide from 2011 to 2015 and 28 percent in the Tucson sector. In 2015, Border Patrol seized around 800,000 pounds of marijuana in Arizona.[80][81]
Paul A. Beeson, chief of the Tucson sector of the U.S. Border Patrol, disagreed that cartels would be weakened under Proposition 205. Beeson argued, "[Cartels] are seeking to increase market share in other controlled substances, notably heroin and methamphetamine." In 2015, over 4,100 pounds of methamphetamine were seized in the Tucson sector, an increase of 46 percent in two years.[80][81] Sergeant Jim Gerhardt, a drug investigator based in Denver, said that as marijuana is legal in Colorado but not other states, cartels and other drug organizations hide their drugs there. The sergeant contended, "People think that because marijuana is legal and you can grow it in your own home that it’s much harder for law enforcement to detect it. They’re right. It’s much harder. That’s why these drug organizations are coming to Colorado. They come to Colorado to essentially hide in plain sight. They will do the same in Arizona."[83]
Impact on presidential election
- See also: Presidential election in Arizona, 2016
In 2004, President George W. Bush was re-elected during an election that featured a wave of initiatives and referrals banning same-sex marriage. The New Republic, citing academic research, suggested that one such measure, Ohio Amendment 1, played a role in invigorating social conservatives and, in turn, aiding the incumbent Republican in securing a second term.[84] With polls showing a tight race in Arizona, some pundits and activists thought ballot initiatives could help turn the state blue in 2016.[85] Arizona Proposition 205 and Proposition 206, which aimed to increase the minimum wage, could have helped Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton gain traction in the traditionally red state.
Politico, NBC News, and Mother Jones all suggested that marijuana legalization measures, such as Proposition 205, could increase voter turnout among young people. Pollster Ann Selzer noted that exit polls in Colorado from the 2012 presidential election showed more men than women voting for President Obama. Defying the typical partisan gender gap, Selzer speculated that Amendment 64, an initiative legalizing marijuana, was responsible for Obama's surge among young men.[86] FiveThirtyEight, however, contended that marijuana initiatives had not increased voter turnout among young people in the past.[87]
John Burton, chairman of the California Democratic Party, has called marijuana-related initiatives the Democrats’ “secret weapon” to success.[84] Matt Schlapp, former White House political director for President Bush, is skeptical that Clinton could mobilize voters interested in "far more populist" initiatives. He continued, "She’s going to have to say something about each and every one of them. If you avoid any press in the state and don’t make a comment that’ll upset these left wing supporters even more."[88]
Lawsuits
Lawsuits overview | |
First lawsuit | |
Issue: Petition summary; allegedly too unclear for voters to make an informed decision whether to sign or not | |
Court: Maricopa County Superior Court and Arizona Supreme Court | |
Ruling: Ruled in favor of defendants, allowing a vote on the measure | |
Plaintiff(s): Seth Leibsohn, Sheila Polk, Bill Montgomery, and the Arizona Chamber of Commerce and Industry | Defendant(s): Secretary of State Michele Reagan |
Plaintiff argument: The ballot summary is vague and the initiative's funding mechanism is unconstitutional. | Defendant argument: The ballot summary is as clear as it can be in 100 words. |
Second lawsuit | |
Issue: Ballot language; alleged inaccuracies in the text of the measure | |
Court: Maricopa County Superior Court | |
Ruling: Ruled in favor of plaintiff on the issue of how age was presented, but not other issues | |
Plaintiff(s): J.P. Holyoak | Defendant(s): Secretary of State Michele Reagan |
Plaintiff arguments: Proposition 205's ballot text is inaccurate and downplays significant aspects of the initiative. | Defendant arguments: Changes are not needed |
Leibsohn et al. v. Reagan
Opponents of Proposition 205 filed a lawsuit on July 11, 2016, alleging that the summary description on the signature petitions was vague and did not explicitly and sufficiently inform signers of the initiative's contents. The legal challenge also claimed that the measure was unconstitutional because of the provision that grants existing medical marijuana dispensaries the first of the initial limited opportunities to sell recreational marijuana. Co-plaintiff and Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery said, "You can’t pass a law that gives special advantages to just a particular corporation or group or individuals."[89] Furthermore, the plantiffs argued that the funding mechanism violates the state constitution.[90] The hearing was on August 12, 2016. Maricopa County Superior Court Judge Jo Lynn Gentry dismissed the lawsuit on August 18, 2016, keeping the measure on the November 2016 ballot. The court agreed with a lower court ruling that the initiative petition complied with legal requirements.[91]
Plaintiffs appealed the case to the Arizona Supreme Court. On August 31, 2016, the court rejected the appeal.[92]
Holyoak v. Reagan
On August 29, 2016, J.P. Holyoak of the Campaign to Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol, filed a complain against Secretary of State Michele Reagan (R). Holyoak criticized the text of the measure that would appear on the ballot. Spokesman Barret Marson argued, “The description is deficient and erroneous.” As reported in the Phoenix New Times, the campaign “contends that the summary misstates the age at which it would be legal to use, grow, possess, and purchase marijuana; that it contains misleading language regarding proposed criminal statutes; and that it fails to state how tax revenue from recreational marijuana would be spent.” Judge James Blomo of the Maricopa County Superior Court sided with the campaign on how age was presented. The language was changed from "over 21 years old" to "21 years and older." However, he was not compelled to order changes to the other disputed passages.[93][94]
Fiscal analysis statement
- See also: Fiscal impact statement
The Joint Legislative Budget Committee of the Arizona Legislature was required to file a fiscal analysis statement for Proposition 205. The committee estimated that an additional $53.4 million in government revenue would have been generated in fiscal year 2019 and $82.0 million in fiscal year 2020 if the measure had been approved. The revenue would have been distributed as seen in Table 1. The table excludes revenue that would be generated via existing state and local taxes.[95]
Proposition 205 would have created a Marijuana Fund, which would have received revenue from a 15 percent tax on retail marijuana sales, licensing fees, and civil penalties associated with marijuana regulation. Revenue in the Marijuana Fund would have been distributed to the Department of Marijuana Licenses and Control, which would have regulated marijuana, and the Department of Revenue, which would have administered the marijuana tax. Localities with marijuana establishments would have received 50 percent of the revenue generated via licensing fees.
Revenue remaining after distribution to the departments and localities would have been distributed as follows:
- 40 percent to school districts and charter schools for education-related expenses.
- 40 percent to school districts and charter schools for full-day kindergarten.
- 20 percent to the Arizona Poison Control for educational campaigns about the harms of marijuana, alcohol, and other substances.
Chart 1 details how revenue would be distributed.
The committee also noted that legalizing recreational marijuana could have possibly increased expenditures of the Department of Health Services due to an increase in substance abuse treatment cases and emergency room visits. As a number of variables could have impacted this possibility, the committee did not assign an estimated cost.
A decreased number of arrests due to the legalization of marijuana could have possibly decreased government expenditures. In fiscal year 2014, 6.2 percent of all arrests in Arizona were related to marijuana possession or trafficking. During the same year, approximately 4.5 percent of the state's prison population was incarcerated with marijuana possession or trafficking being their most major offense. On the other hand, a decrease in the number of fines and forfeitures related to marijuana could have decreased government revenue.
The full text of the fiscal analysis can be read here.
Path to the ballot
Supporters of the initiative filed a statement of organization with the Arizona secretary of state on September 19, 2014.[8] A petition to allow for circulation was filed on April 17, 2015.[96]
Initiative proponents needed to collect 150,642 signatures by July 7, 2016, to land the measure on the ballot. In mid-January 2016, the supporters announced they had collected 140,000 signatures toward their goal.[97][98]
The signature requirement for Arizona initiatives is tied to the number of votes cast for the office of governor in the most recent gubernatorial election. initiated state statute, such as Proposition 205, require signature equal 10 percent of the votes cast for gubernatorial candidates.
Arizona's Campaign to Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol submitted 258,582 signatures on June 30, 2016.[99] The Arizona secretary of state's office certified the measure on August 11, 2016.[100]
Cost of signature collection:
Sponsors of the measure hired Arizona Petition Partners to collect signatures for the petition to qualify this measure for the ballot. A total of $662,658.95 was spent to collect the 150,642 valid signatures required to put this measure before voters, resulting in a total cost per required signature (CPRS) of $4.40.
- See also: Ballot measure signature costs, 2016
If both initiatives would have reached the ballot and received majority approval from voters, the one with the most "yes" votes would have superseded the other wherever the initiatives conflicted. Any non-conflicting provisions of both initiatives would have been enacted.
State profile
Demographic data for Arizona | ||
---|---|---|
Arizona | U.S. | |
Total population: | 6,817,565 | 316,515,021 |
Land area (sq mi): | 113,594 | 3,531,905 |
Race and ethnicity** | ||
White: | 78.4% | 73.6% |
Black/African American: | 4.2% | 12.6% |
Asian: | 3% | 5.1% |
Native American: | 4.4% | 0.8% |
Pacific Islander: | 0.2% | 0.2% |
Two or more: | 3.2% | 3% |
Hispanic/Latino: | 30.3% | 17.1% |
Education | ||
High school graduation rate: | 86% | 86.7% |
College graduation rate: | 27.5% | 29.8% |
Income | ||
Median household income: | $50,255 | $53,889 |
Persons below poverty level: | 21.2% | 11.3% |
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015) Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Arizona. **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here. |
Presidential voting pattern
- See also: Presidential voting trends in Arizona
Arizona voted Republican in six out of the seven presidential elections between 2000 and 2024.
More Arizona coverage on Ballotpedia
- Elections in Arizona
- United States congressional delegations from Arizona
- Public policy in Arizona
- Endorsers in Arizona
- Arizona fact checks
- More...
Related measures
- See also: History of marijuana on the ballot and Marijuana on the ballot
The first attempt to legalize marijuana through the initiative process came in 1972, when California activists got an initiative certified for the ballot. The measure was defeated. Marijuana legalization advocates had their breakthrough election in 2012, when both Washington and Colorado legalized recreational marijuana. Oregonians rejected a legalization measure that same year, but approved one two years later in 2014. As of the beginning of 2016, recreational marijuana had been legalized in four states and Washington, D.C. All legalizations came through the initiative process. As of the beginning of 2016, medical marijuana was legal in 25 states.[101]
More than 60 statewide marijuana-related initiatives were submitted for the 2016 ballot. The table below shows the marijuana-related measures that qualified for the 2016 election ballot:
The following table includes past initiative attempts in the United States to legalize marijuana:
Recent news
The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Arizona Marijuana Legalization Proposition 205. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.
See also
External links
Support
- Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol
- Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol Facebook
- Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol Twitter
Opposition
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Arizona Secretary of State, "Ballot Measure List 2016," accessed September 6, 2016
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Washington Post, "Obama: I’ve got ‘bigger fish to fry’ than pot smokers," December 14, 2014
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Washington Post, "What the future of marijuana legalization could look like under President Trump," November 9, 2016
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Arizona Secretary of State, "Application for Initiative," accessed April 20, 2015
- ↑ Arizona Legislature, "Adopted Analysis of Proposition 205," accessed September 6, 2016
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol, "Homepage," accessed September 6, 2016
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Phoenix New Times, "Arizona Marijuana-Legalization Campaign for 2016 Ballot Measure Becomes Official," September 19, 2014
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Phoenix New Times, "Arizona Democratic Party Endorses Marijuana Legalization — and So Do Some Conservatives," October 6, 2016
- ↑ The Daily Chronic, "Arizona congressman endorses marijuana legalization initiative," June 20, 2016
- ↑ Culture Magazine, "Influential Congressman Headlining a Yes on Proposition 205 Rally," October 26, 2016
- ↑ Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol, "Arizona School Officials Throw Support Behind Prop. 205, Noting It Will Raise Much-Needed Funding for K-12 Education," September 22, 2016
- ↑ KVOA, "Education officials announce support for marijuana legalization," September 22, 2016
- ↑ Arizona Democratic Party, "The Arizona Democratic Party Endorses Propositions 205 & 206," accessed September 22, 2016
- ↑ The Daily Chronic, "National NORML Endorses Arizona Marijuana Legalization Initiative," July 18, 2016
- ↑ The Cannabist, “Dr. Bronner’s pledges $660,000 to marijuana legalization efforts in California, four other states,” September 19, 2016
- ↑ Huffington Post, "Former DEA Agents Rally In Support Of Marijuana Legalization In Arizona," October 12, 2016
- ↑ Chicago Tribune, "Jim McMahon stumps for legalizing marijuana in Arizona ad," October 20, 2016
- ↑ CBS 5, "Religious groups say vote yes on Prop 205," October 21, 2016
- ↑ ABC 15, "Susan Sarandon records message urging Arizonans to vote 'yes' on Prop 205," October 28, 2016
- ↑ Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol, "Statewide Coalition of Doctors and Nurses Urges Arizonans to Vote ‘Yes’ on Prop. 205," October 26, 2016
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Campaign to Regulate Marijuana like Alcohol, "Why Vote Yes?" accessed September 6, 2016
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Arizona Secretary of State, "Arguments Field in Support of the Regulation and Taxation of Marijuana Act," accessed July 22, 2016
- ↑ KJZZ, "Arizona marijuana legalization nears signature goal, groups speak out against it," January 26, 2016
- ↑ The Daily Wildcat, "Experts predict recreational marijuana proposition will appear on 2016 Arizona ballots," December 1, 2015
- ↑ Fox 10 Phoenix, "Supporters of recreational marijuana file initiative to legalize pot," April 17, 2015
- ↑ Youtube, "Campaign to Regulate Marijuana Like Alcohol," accessed September 21, 2016
- ↑ Arizonans for Responsible Drug Policy, "Homepage," accessed September 6, 2016
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Arizonans for Responsible Drug Policy, "Endorsements," accessed Spetember 6, 2016
- ↑ Arizona Capitol Times, "Please vote no on Prop. 205: The evidence is everywhere," October 5, 2016
- ↑ KJZZ, "Colorado Springs Mayor: Don't Legalize Marijuana Like Our State Did," September 20, 2016
- ↑ KYMA, "Yuma County mayors unite against Prop 205," October 14, 2016
- ↑ Phoenix Business Journal, "Republican Party to fight marijuana legalization in Arizona," June 3, 2015
- ↑ Phoenix Business Journal, "Powerful business group opposes Arizona marijuana legalization," June 12, 2015
- ↑ The Daily Courier, "Letter: Opposing legalizing marijuana," September 9, 2016
- ↑ Arizonans for Responsible Drug Policy, "Major Law Enforcement Associations Oppose Proposition 205," September 20, 2016
- ↑ Deseret News Faith, “LDS leaders ask Mormons to oppose legalization of assisted suicide, recreational marijuana,” October 13, 2016
- ↑ Phoenix New Times, "Second Arizona Pot-Legalization Campaign Nears 100,000 Signatures," February 16, 2016
- ↑ Phoenix New Times, "Arizona Drug Firm Insys Makes Synthetic Pot Compound, Spends Big to Defeat Legal Pot," September 8, 2016
- ↑ Phoenix Business Journal, "U-Haul, Ducey join Discount Tire, chamber, GOP in campaign against marijuana legalization, Prop. 205," October 19, 2016
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ 12 News, "Some Arizona clergy polarized by Prop 205 to legalize marijuana," October 26, 2016
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Arizonans for Responsible Drug Policy, "Resources," accessed September 6, 2016
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 Arizona Secretary of State, "Arguments Field Against the Regulation and Taxation of Marijuana Act," accessed July 22, 2016
- ↑ Sierra Vista Herald, "State marijuana initiative draws local opponents," July 3, 2016
- ↑ Youtube, "Arizonans for Responsible Drug Policy," accessed September 21, 2016
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 Arizona Secretary of State, "Ballot Measure - Campaign to regulate marijuana like alcohol," accessed January 16, 2017
- ↑ Aztec Press, "Vote ‘yes’ on Proposition 205," September 29, 2016
- ↑ Tucson Weekly, "Hell Yes! The 2016 Tucson Weekly Endorsements," October 20, 2016
- ↑ The Arizona Republic, "Our View: Prop. 205 is the wrong way to legalize marijuana," October 17, 2016
- ↑ The Arizona Republic, "Poll: Arizona marijuana-legalization campaign could fail if voted on today," April 20, 2016
- ↑ The Arizona Republic, "Poll: Half want to see marijuana legalized in Arizona," September 7, 2016
- ↑ Peoria Times, "Report indicates recreational marijuana faces uphill battle in Arizona in November," September 9, 2016
- ↑ Arizona Capitol Times, "Poll indicates fate of marijuana measure uncertain as more money pumped in to defeat it," October 10, 2016
- ↑ HighGround Public Affairs, "Recreational Marijuana on the Brink - Minimum Wage Passing in Latest Statewide Poll," October 18, 2016
- ↑ Cronkite News, "Poll: Arizona voters still split on Prop 205 to legalize marijuana," October 20, 2016
- ↑ Data Orbital, "New Arizona Poll: Trump Up 4%, McCain up 10%, and Marijuana Down By 6%" November 1, 2016
- ↑ Data Orbital, "Arizona Statewide Poll Results," November 4, 2016
- ↑ Los Angeles Times, "Arizona Bill Guts Legalized Drug Initiative," April 16, 1997
- ↑ Tucson Weekly, "Lots of Initiatives," October 15, 1998
- ↑ The Arizona Republic, "Arizona lawmakers seek to curb access to medical marijuana," January 14, 2016
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 The Arizona Republic, "Arizona lawmaker proposes legalizing pot," January 7, 2015
- ↑ Arizona Legislature, "House Bill 2007," accessed January 7, 2015
- ↑ LA Weekly, "What Killed Prop. 19?" November 4, 2010
- ↑ Washington Post, "How Democrats derailed marijuana legalization in California," November 10, 2014
- ↑ Los Angeles Business Journal, "Tweaked legal pot initiative to reach 2016 ballot," September 29, 2014
- ↑ KJZZ, "Arizona AG: Public Officials Can Use Position To Weigh In On Marijuana Legalization," May 6, 2015
- ↑ Verde Independent, "AG rules public officials OK to 'educate' voters on marijuana legalization," May 7, 2015
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 Arizona Daily Sun, "Brnovich backtracks on ballot-measure campaigning," accessed May 18, 2015
- ↑ Arizona Attorney General, "Use of public funds to influence the outcomes of elections," July 30, 2015
- ↑ Vice, "Arizona County Gives RICO Funds to Anti-Pot Campaigners in Legally Ambiguous Move," May 15, 2015
- ↑ MATFORCE, "Let’s Stop the Push for Legalization," accessed May 19, 2015
- ↑ The Arizona Republic, "Arizona DES director sends anti-marijuana email to employees," September 28, 2016
- ↑ The Arizona Republic, "Pro-marijuana campaign wants 'equal time' with Arizona state workers," September 30, 2016
- ↑ Arizona Legislature, "Arizona Revised Statutes §11-410," accessed May 19, 2015
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 Cite error: Invalid
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tag; no text was provided for refs namedwapo1
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 The Arizona Republic, "Anti-marijuana campaign's biggest donor? Chandler pharma company," September 8, 2016
- ↑ Business Insider, "A pharmaceutical company is fighting marijuana legalization because it would ‘significantly limit’ the commercial success of one of its drugs," September 13, 2016
- ↑ Securities and Exchange Commission, "Insys Therapeutics," August 17, 2016
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 Fortune, "Legalizing Marijuana in Arizona Could Strengthen Drug Cartels," October 11, 2016
- ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 PBS, "Here’s how legal pot in Arizona could upend the drug cartels," October 11, 2016
- ↑ KTAR, "Former drug enforcement officers voice support for recreational marijuana in Arizona," October 13, 2016
- ↑ Arizona Capitol Times, "Legal pot increases crime, grows the black market," October 13, 2016
- ↑ 84.0 84.1 The New Republic, "Will Liberal Ballot Issues Give Hillary Clinton an Edge?" September 7, 2016
- ↑ The Arizona Republic, "Poll: Arizona a toss-up between Hillary Clinton, Donald Trump," September 7, 2016
- ↑ Mother Jones, "Democrats Hope Marijuana Will Help Elect Hillary Clinton," August 29, 2016
- ↑ FiveThirtyEight, "Sorry Democrats, Marijuana Doesn’t Bring Young Voters to the Polls," May 1, 2014
- ↑ Politico, "Ballot initiatives could tip the balance in swing states," August 13, 2016
- ↑ Arizona Daily Star, "Lawsuit would stop Arizona pot-legalization ballot measure," July 11, 2016
- ↑ The Cannabist, "Taking it to court: Judge to hear challenge of Arizona marijuana legalization initiative," July 19, 2016
- ↑ Washington Times, "Arizona marijuana legalization initiative will remain on the ballot: judge," August 19, 2016
- ↑ Arizona Daily Star, “Arizona Supreme Court allows pot legalization measure to be on ballot,” August 31, 2016
- ↑ Phoenix New Times, “As Ballot Deadline Looms, Arizona's Marijuana-Legalization Initiative Survives Court Challenges From Both Sides,” August 31, 2016
- ↑ The Arizona Republic, "Marijuana-legalization campaign sues over Arizona ballot language," August 30, 2016
- ↑ Arizona Legislature, "Fiscal Impact Statement for Proposition 205," accessed September 6, 2016
- ↑ USA Today, "Ballot measure will ask Ariz. voters to legalize pot," April 17, 2015
- ↑ Arizona Secretary of State, "2016 Initiatives, Referendums & Recalls," accessed April 20, 2015
- ↑ ABC 15, "Pot legalization measure on track for 2016 ballot in Arizona," January 13, 2016
- ↑ Daily Courier, "Update: Arizona pot legalization supporters submit 258,582 signatures," June 30, 2016
- ↑ Time, "Arizona Will Vote On Legalizing Marijuana in November," August 11, 2016
- ↑ ProCon.org, "25 Legal Medical Marijuana States and DC," June 28, 2016
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