Minority and coalition control of state legislative chambers, 1994-Present

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Last updated on January 15, 2025
There are 99 state legislative chambers across the country. Nebraska is the only state legislature in the country with only one chamber. The presiding leadership of each chamber is usually selected by a majority of members of the majority party. However, in certain situations, a leader from the majority party may be elected by a minority of the majority party joined by members of the minority party, or a coalition may form to select a member of the minority party.

This page outlines these leadership elections and the unique arrangements that have followed since 1994. They are organized by state and by year. Know of something we're missing? Click here to let us know. Click on the links below to read more about the elections in that state:

Overview

The table below highlights each instance of leadership elections covered on this page. They are presented in reverse chronological order. Click the link in the year column to navigate directly to information about that situation.

Unique chamber leadership arrangements in state legislatures, 1994-Present
Year Chamber Description
2025 Alaska House Following the 2024 elections, a predominantly Democratic, 21-member coalition (14 Democrats, five independents, and two Republicans) assumed control of the chamber, with Charles Kopp (R) as the coalition majority leader.
2025 Texas House At the start of the 2025 session, members elected Dustin Burrows (R) as speaker, supported by 49 Democrats and 35 Republicans.
2023 Alaska House Following the 2022 elections, a predominantly Republican, 23-member coalition (19 Republicans, two Democrats, and two independents) assumed control of the chamber, with Cathy Tilton (R) as speaker.
2023 Alaska Senate Following the 2022 elections, all nine Democrats and eight of 11 Republicans elected Gary Stevens (R) as president and Cathy Giessel (R) as majority leader as part of a bipartisan governing coalition. Democrats gained two seats in the 2024 elections and the bipartisan coalition continued.
2023 Ohio House At the start of the 2023 session, the chamber's 32 Democrats joined with 22 Republicans to elect Jason Stephens (R) as speaker. The other 43 Republicans in the chamber voted for Derek Merrin (R).
2023 Pennsylvania House At the start of the 2023 session, Republicans had a temporary majority due to vacancies in the chamber. Members elected Mark Rozzi (D) as speaker by a 115-85 vote and Rozzi announced he would not caucus with either party. Rozzi stepped down once the vacancies were filled and was replaced by Joanna McClinton (D).
2019 Ohio House At the start of the 2019 session, Larry Householder (R) defeated sitting speaker Ryan Smith (R) with the support of 26 Republicans and 26 Democrats, while Smith was supported by 34 Republicans and 11 Democrats.
2017 Alaska House Following the 2016 elections, a predominantly Democratic, 22-member coalition (17 Democrats, three Republicans, and two independents) assumed control of the chamber, with Bryce Edgmon (D) as speaker. This coalition remained until the 2022 elections.
2017 New York Senate At the start of the 2017 legislative session, a minority group of Democrats established a coalition with Republicans and elected John Flanagan (R) as president pro tempore.
2017 Washington Senate At the start of the 2017 legislative session, Tim Sheldon (D) was elected president pro tempore with support from a minority of Democratic members and the chamber's Republican caucus.
2013 New York Senate At the start of the 2013 legislative session, a minority group of Democrats established a coalition with Republicans and elected Dean Skelos (R) as majority leader on a rotating basis with coalition member Jeff Klein (D).
2013 Washington Senate At the start of the 2013 legislative session, two Democrats joined with the chamber's 23 Republicans to create a 25-24 coalition majority. The two Democrats, Tim Sheldon and Rodney Tom, became president pro tempore and majority leader, respectively.
2009 New York Senate At the start of the 2009 legislative session, two Democrats joined with Republicans to create a 32-30 coalition and elected Dean Skelos (R) as majority leader.
2009 New Mexico Senate At the start of the 2009 legislative session, eight Democrats joined with 15 Republicans to elect Tim Jennings (D) as president pro temp, while a majority of the chamber's 27 Democrats voted for Carlos Cisneros (D).
2009 Tennessee House At the start of the 2009 legislative session, Republicans held a 50-49 majority. Kent Williams (R) and 49 Democrats voted to elect him as speaker, while the other Republicans in the chamber supported Jason Mumpower (R).
2009 Texas House At the start of the 2009 session, Joe Straus (R) was elected speaker by a coalition of 72 Democrats and 16 Republicans.
2008 Louisiana House At the start of the 2008 legislative session, the majority-Democratic legislature elected Jim Tucker (R) as speaker. Although Tucker was elected unopposed, more than 20 Democrats reportedly supported his bid.
2007 Alaska Senate Following the 2006 elections, Lyda Green (R) formed a coalition of nine Democrats and six Republicans and became Senate president. Green did not run for re-election in 2008, but the coalition she created remained in power until the 2012 elections.
2007 Pennsylvania House At the start of the 2007 session, Democrats held a 102-101 majority. Six Republicans and 99 Democrats voted to elect Dennis O'Brien (R) as speaker over incumbent John Perzel (R).
2005 Tennessee Senate At the start of the 2005 legislative session, Republicans held a 17-16 majority. John S. Wilder (D) was re-elected as speaker with the support of two Republicans in the chamber.
1994 California Assembly Following the 1994 elections, Paul Horcher (R) left the Republican Party, resulting in a tied chamber. Willie Brown (D) was elected speaker as a result, though he ceded much of his power to a bipartisan rules committee.

Alaska

Alaska House of Representatives (2025)

See also: Alaska House of Representatives elections, 2024

Following the 2024 elections, there were 22 Republicans, 13 Democrats, and five independent members of the House. A predominantly Democratic, 21-member coalition assumed control of the chamber following the election, with the new coalition majority leader being Charles Kopp (R). On Nov. 6, 2024, the coalition announced it had secured enough votes to select Rep. Bryce Edgmon (I) as speaker of the House.[1] The new House Majority caucus contained 14 Democrats, five independents, and two Republicans, meaning the new caucus would be majority-Democrat as opposed to the majority-Republican caucus created after the 2022 elections.[2]

Alaska House of Representatives (2023)

See also: Alaska House of Representatives elections, 2022

In the 2022 elections, Republicans won 21 seats and Democrats won 19. On January 19, 2023, the chamber elected Rep. Cathy Tilton (R) as speaker on a 26-14 vote. After the vote, Tilton said the chamber's majority would consist of 19 Republicans, two Democrats, and two independents.[3]

Alaska State Senate (2023 and 2025)

See also: Alaska State Senate elections, 2022 and Alaska State Senate elections, 2024

Following the 2022 elections, all nine Democrats and eight of 11 Republicans announced that they would form a bipartisan governing coalition. The coalition said it would support Gary Stevens (R) as senate president and Cathy Giessel (R) as majority leader.[4]

In the 2024 elections, Democrats won a net of two seats. On Nov. 6, 2024, Stevens announced the continuation of the bipartisan coalition established after the 2022 elections.[5] It contained all nine Democrats and eight of 11 Republicans. The only leadership change was Kelly Merrick (R) becoming majority whip following the retirement of Click Bishop (R).[6]

Alaska House of Representatives (2017, 2019, and 2021)

See also: Alaska House of Representatives elections, 2020

Following the 2016 election, Republicans in the Alaska House established a 21-17-2 majority. A coalition of 17 Democrats, two independents, and three Republicans, however, came together to form a 22-18 majority. They elected Bryce Edgmon, a Democrat, as speaker. The Republicans who joined the coalition received significant leadership positions. Gabrielle LeDoux (R) was named chair of the rules committee. Paul Seaton (R) was named a co-chair of the finance committee along with Neal Foster (D), and Louise Stutes (R) was named majority whip for the coalition.[7] The chair of the Alaska Republican Party, Tuckerman Babcock, sent a letter to LeDoux, Stutes, and Seaton inviting them to leave the Republican Party.[8]

In the 2018 Republican primaries, LeDoux and Stutes defeated challengers aligned with Babcock and the state party. Seaton switched his party affiliation to independent and ran in the Democratic primary. In the November 2018 elections, Seaton and another independent member of the coalition, Jason Grenn, were defeated, while Democrat Scott Kawasaki ran for the state Senate and was replaced by Republican Bart LeBon. This gave Republicans a 23-17 advantage over Democrats. However, Republicans were not able to organize a majority in the chamber due to defections by Stutes, LeDoux, and Rep. Gary Knopp (R), who served in the Republican minority from 2017 to 2018. On February 14, 2019, after a record-setting 30 days without a permanent presiding officer, Edgmon was elected as speaker again by a coalition of 15 Democrats, four Republicans (including Stutes and LeDoux), one independent, and himself. The two parties split control of key leadership positions and committee chairs. See more here.

In the 2020 elections, Republicans won 21 seats to Democrats' 15, with independents winning the four remaining seats. Stutes said on December 9, 2020, that she would join the 15 Democrats and four independents in the minority coalition. Stutes' announcement left control of the chamber with a 20-20 split. On February 11, 2021, Rep. Kelly Merrick (R) voted for Stutes as speaker, giving her the 21st vote needed to win the leadership post. Merrick did not indicate at the time whether she intended to continue voting with the coalition in the future.[9] Click here for more.

Alaska State Senate (2007)

In 2007, when Republicans had an 11-9 majority in the Alaska Senate, Lyda Green (R) formed a coalition of nine Democrats and six Republicans to make her senate president. Democrats held several of the committee chair positions. Green did not seek re-election in 2008, and the chamber was tied 10 to 10 from 2009 to 2013. Republicans won a larger majority in 2012, and the group that Green established ended.[10][11]

California

California State Assembly (1994 and 1995)

Following the 1994 elections, Republicans had a 41-39 majority in the California Assembly. During the vote for assembly speaker on December 5, 1994, Paul Horcher (R) announced he was leaving the Republican Party to become an independent, and he cast his vote for Willie Brown (D), who had served as speaker since 1980.[12] With Horcher's defection, there was a 40-40 tie between Brown and Jim Brulte (R). On January 24, 1995, the 39 Democrats and Horcher voted to expel Dick Mountjoy (R) from the chamber because he had also won a race for state senate and was simultaneously a member of both chambers. After expelling Mountjoy, Brown was elected speaker in a 40-39 vote; however, he agreed to cede much of his position's power to a rules committee equally divided between Republicans and Democrats.[13] Brown's tenure as speaker came to an end on June 5, 1995, when the Democrats agreed to back Doris Allen (R) for speaker, anticipating that Mountjoy's seat would soon be filled by a Republican who would vote Brown out. Before Allen made a deal with the Democrats to make her speaker, Republicans had been just one vote from having a majority after Horcher was recalled in May 1995 and replaced by Gary Miller (R). Upon Allen's election, the powers of the speaker of the assembly were restored.[14]

Allen served until September 14, 1995, when she resigned and was replaced by another Democrat-backed Republican, Brian Setencich.[15] Setencich served as speaker until January 4, 1996, when he was replaced by Republican leader Curtis Pringle, the first Republican speaker in the session to be elected with the support of the Republican caucus.[16]

Louisiana

Louisiana House of Representatives (2008)

Jim Tucker (R) became speaker of the Louisiana House in 2008 when Democrats controlled the House 53-50-2. More than 20 Democrats reportedly supported his bid, though Tucker, as the only declared candidate, was officially elected without a formal vote.[17] Republicans gained a majority in the Louisiana House in late 2010, its first majority in more than a century.[18] In Louisiana, while the House has the constitutional authority to select its own leadership, it has traditionally backed for speaker whomever the governor endorses. In 2008, Republican Bobby Jindal publicly backed Tucker.[19]

New Mexico

New Mexico State Senate (2009)

In 2009, Democrats had a 27-15 majority in the New Mexico Senate, and most Democrats backed their colleague Carlos Cisneros for president pro tempore. Eight Democrats, however, joined with the chamber's 15 Republicans to elect incumbent Tim Jennings (D) as president pro temp.[20] In 2011, the majority of the Democratic caucus voted to back Jennings.[21]

New York

New York State Senate (2017)

Republicans and the Independent Democratic Conference (IDC)—a small group of Democratic senators dissatisfied with Democratic leadership at the time—established a coalition with a 39-24 majority over the Democrats and coalesced behind John Flanagan (R), the incumbent majority leader and president pro tempore.[22] On April 4, 2018, the IDC rejoined the mainline Democratic conference, but Republicans maintained control of the chamber because state Sen. Simcha Felder (D), who was not a member of the IDC, continued to caucus with Republicans and gave them 32 seats in the chamber.[23] In the September 2018 Democratic primaries, progressives opposed to the IDC alliance with Republicans defeated six of the eight IDC members, including leader Jeff Klein. In the November 2018 elections, Democrats retained all of the seats won by the IDC primary challengers and expanded their majority to 40-23, giving them full control of the state Senate.

New York State Senate (2013)

In 2013, Democrats returned to a majority, 33-30, but Republicans built a coalition with the IDC to create a narrow majority. Dean Skelos (R) was majority leader and shared the top leadership position with IDC leader Jeff Klein (D) on a rotating basis. Republicans again had an outright majority in 2015 and 2016 but lost it in the November 2016 elections.

New York State Senate (2009)

In 2009, though Democrats had a 32-30 majority on paper, two Democratic senators joined with Republicans to create a 32-30 coalition majority and made Dean Skelos (R) majority leader.[24] The arrangement lasted until July 2009.[25] After the 2010 elections, Republicans had a free-standing majority in 2011 and 2012.

Ohio

Ohio House of Representatives (2023)

On January 3, 2023, the chamber's 32 Democrats joined with 22 Republicans to elect Jason Stephens (R) as speaker. The other 43 Republicans in the chamber voted for Derek Merrin (R). Merrin won a vote of the caucus in November 2022 and was considered the speaker-elect. Minority Leader Allison Russo (D) said that there was no deal made with Stephens in exchange for the Democratic support, but said "there were lots of discussions about things and areas of agreement on issues."[26] The Ohio Republican Party voted to censure Stephens and the other 21 Republicans who voted for him on January 6.[27]

During its Aug. 16, 2024, meeting, the Ohio Republican Party's State Central Committee endorsed all Republican general election candidates other than Stephens after the committee passed a motion to exclude Stephens from the list of endorsees.[28]

According to Cleveland.com's Jeremy Stephens, "The snub won’t have any effect on Stephens’ reelection chances, as the Lawrence County Republican is running unopposed this year. But it illustrates how many Ohio Republicans remain upset with Stephens more than 18 months after he was elected speaker with the help of Democratic votes over state Rep. Derek Merrin, the Toledo-area Republican backed by a majority of House Republicans."[28]

On November 18, 2024, Stephens announced he would not seek another term as speaker at the start of the 2025 legislative session.[29] The chamber unanimously elected Matt Huffman (R) speaker at the start of the 2025 legislative session.[30]

Ohio House of Representatives (2019)

In the January 2019 Ohio House speaker's race, Rep. Larry Householder (R) defeated sitting speaker Ryan Smith (R). Householder was supported by 26 Republicans and 26 Democrats, while Smith was supported by 34 Republicans and 11 Democrats (Republicans won a 61-38 majority in the elections on November 6, 2018). According to the Plain-Dealer, Householder won over Democratic votes by promising to oppose right-to-work legislation that would prohibit union membership as a condition of private-sector employment.[31] Smith and Householder had been vying for the speaker's gavel since the beginning of 2018 when Cliff Rosenberger (R), who was term-limited in 2018, served as speaker. They ran proxy candidates against each other in the May 8 Republican primaries (Householder-backed candidates won 15 primaries while Smith-backed candidates won three). Smith became speaker in June 2018 after Rosenberger resigned over an FBI investigation into his interactions with lobbyists. See more here.

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania House of Representatives (2023)

See also: Pennsylvania House of Representatives elections, 2022

On November 8, 2022, Democrats won 102 seats to Republicans' 101. But three seats that Democrats won were guaranteed to become vacant at the start of the legislative session due to a death and two resignations to assume higher office, giving Republicans a functional 101-99 seat majority. On January 3, 2023, members of the chamber elected Mark Rozzi (D) as speaker with a 115-85 vote.[32] During his first speech, Rozzi announced that he would caucus with neither party.[33]

On February 28, 2023, Rozzi stepped down as House speaker. Rozzi said he resigned because he had accomplished what he had planned to do during his tenure in the leadership position. He stated he wanted to make way for Joanna McClinton (D) to be elected the first female speaker. McClinton was elected speaker the same day.[34]

Pennsylvania House of Representatives (2007)

In 2007, Democrats held a 102-101 majority in the Pennsylvania House. Dennis O'Brien (R), however, won the speakership when six Republicans and 99 of the 102 Democratic members joined together to back him over incumbent speaker John Perzel (R). Three Democrats backed Perzel. The reason that Democrats coalesced around O'Brien, according to news accounts at the time, was that not enough of them could agree on a specific Democratic candidate to form a majority and prevent Perzel's re-election. Because the chamber's partisan split was so close, Democrats needed either every Democratic member to vote in unison or a member across the aisle to offer help. O'Brien served as a compromise between the Democratic majority and a small group of Republicans who gave him the votes needed to secure the speakership. He was the first minority party member to hold the speakership in Pennsylvania history.[35][36] In the 2008 elections, Democrats expanded their majority to 104-99. They then elected as Keith McCall (D) as speaker.[37]

Tennessee

Tennessee House of Representatives (2009)

In 2009, Republicans had a 50-49 majority in the Tennessee House. Almost every Republican in the chamber backed Jason Mumpower (R) for speaker, but the 49 Democrats voted together with Kent Williams (R) to make him speaker.[38] Tennessee Republicans extended their majority in the 2010 elections and elected Beth Harwell (R) as speaker in 2011.[39]

Tennessee State Senate (2005)

In 2005, Republicans had a one-vote majority in the Tennessee State Senate, but long-time (since 1971) speaker John S. Wilder (D) maintained his position when two Republicans agreed to vote for him. He lost the position in 2007. One of the Republicans who backed him—Michael R. Williams—received the number two post in the Senate in return for backing Wilder.[40]

Texas

Texas House of Representatives (2025)

See also: Election for speaker of the Texas House of Representatives, 2025

On January 14, 2025, the members of the Texas House of Representatives elected Dustin Burrows (R) to serve as speaker through 2026. Burrows defeated David Cook (R) on the second round of voting 85-55, supported by 49 Democrats and 36 Republicans. Incumbent Dade Phelan (R), first elected to the speakership in 2021, did not run for a third term.[41]

In addition to Burrows and Cook, Rep. Ana-Maria Ramos (D) ran for speaker and received 23 votes in the first round of voting. With none of the candidates receiving a majority, voting moved to a runoff between Burrows and Cook. Republicans controlled 88 of the legislature's 150 seats as a result of the 2024 elections, with 76 votes needed to win the speakership.[41]

In an interview with FOX 4 News, Southern Methodist University professor Matthew Wilson described the election for speaker as reflecting "the ongoing division among Republicans in the Texas House between a conservative faction and a more establishment moderate faction, and that is a battle that has been going on among Texas Republicans for more than a decade now over House leadership," with the conservative faction supporting Cook and the establishment faction supporting Burrows. Wilson said the election would determine "whether the the House is going to operate more or less the way the Senate does and whether it's going to have a decidedly conservative flavor to it, as we've seen in the Texas Senate."[42]

In his review of the 2023 legislative session, Rice University professor Mark Jones rated 11 House Republicans as less conservative than Burrows and 72 as more conservative. Jones rated 47 House Republicans as less conservative than Cook and 36 as more conservative.[43]

Local political observers also described the March 5 Republican primaries for Texas House in 2024 as a battle between a more moderate and a more conservative wing of the state Republican Party. The primaries took place following two votes in 2023 that divided the House Republican caucus—one in which the House voted against introducing a school voucher program over Gov. Greg Abbott's (R) objections and one in which the House voted to impeach Attorney General Ken Paxton (R). Both Cook and Burrows voted in support of Abbott's voucher proposal and in favor of impeaching Paxton.

Texas House of Representatives (2009)

In 2009, Republicans held a narrow 76-74 majority in the Texas House. Incumbent speaker Tom Craddick (R), was seeking re-election to this post but dropped out after Joe Straus (R) assembled a coalition of 72 Democrats and 16 Republicans to back his bid for the speakership.[44] Straus was re-elected with larger margins and more Republicans in 2011.[45]

Washington

Washington State Senate (2017)

On January 6, 2017, the Republicans announced plans to back Tim Sheldon (D) for president pro tempore. In the Washington State Senate, the lieutenant governor is the presiding officer and casts votes in cases of ties. The president pro tempore, a regular voting member of the chamber, presides in the lieutenant governor's absence and generally serves as vice chair of the Senate Rules Committee.[46][47] Democrats gained full control of the state Senate after a special election on November 7, 2017.

Washington State Senate (2013)

In 2013, Democrats in the Washington State Senate had a 26-23 majority. Two Democrats, however, joined with all 23 Senate Republicans to create a 25-24 coalition majority. The two Democrats, Tim Sheldon and Rodney Tom, became president pro tempore and majority leader, respectively.[48] Republicans had a 25-24 majority without the coalition in 2015 and 2016. Pam Roach (R), with the help of Democrats and Republicans, won the president pro tempore position in 2015.[49] In the 2016 election, that majority flipped to the Democrats, but, because of Sheldon, Republicans were able to maintain a 25-24 majority.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Juneau Empire, "Alaska House control flips from predominantly Republican coalition to mostly Democratic coalition," November 7, 2024
  2. ↑ Alaska Beacon, "Alaska House control flips from predominantly Republican coalition to mostly Democratic coalition," November 7, 2024
  3. ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Alaska House elects Wasilla Republican Cathy Tilton as speaker," Jan. 18, 2023
  4. ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "9 Democrats and 8 Republicans form bipartisan majority in Alaska Senate," November 26, 2022
  5. ↑ Alaska Senate Majority, "Senate Continues Bipartisan Coalition and Announces Leadership Positions," November 6, 2024
  6. ↑ Alaska News Source, "Juneau House & Senate leadership, priorities announced ahead of session," November 8, 2024
  7. ↑ The Bristol Bay Times, "Alaska House will be run by coalition," November 25, 2016
  8. ↑ Daily News-Miner "The Latest: GOP chair rebukes Alaska House coalition Republicans," November 9, 2016
  9. ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Alaska House deadlock breaks, at least temporarily, as coalition-minded Kodiak Republican is named speaker," February 11, 2021
  10. ↑ McClatchy DC, "Tea party goes after Alaska's bipartisan Senate coalition," July 9, 2012
  11. ↑ Alaska Commons, "Day 98: Or, Why I Miss the Bipartisan Working Group," April 26, 2016
  12. ↑ Los Angeles Times, "Already a Republican Outcast, Horcher Makes Break Official," December 6, 1994
  13. ↑ Los Angeles Times, "Brown Regains Speaker Role, Shares Power," January 25, 1995
  14. ↑ Los Angeles Times, "GOP's Allen Elected Speaker by Democrats : Assembly: First woman in post is shunned by her own party. She appoints Brown as Speaker emeritus," June 6, 1996
  15. ↑ Los Angeles Times, "Allen Quits as Speaker; Setencich Gets Post : Assembly: Republican steps down after three months to fight recall. GOP successor defies his party to take job," September 15, 1995
  16. ↑ Los Angeles Times, "GOP Finally Elects Assembly Speaker: O.C.'s Curt Pringle," January 5, 1996
  17. ↑ Times-Picayune, "Tucker gets nod as House speaker," November 20, 2007
  18. ↑ The Times-Picayune, "Louisiana Republicans take first House majority since Reconstruction with latest party switch," December 17, 2010
  19. ↑ The Advocate, "In rarely seen twist, last-minute candidate Taylor Barras selected Louisiana House speaker," January 14, 2016
  20. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Coalition Chooses New Mexico Senate Leader," January 22, 2009
  21. ↑ Steve Terrill: Roundhouse Roundup, "Senate GOP Chooses Neville For Caucus Chairman," December 11, 2010
  22. ↑ Times Union, "IDC will once again partner with Senate GOP," January 2, 2017
  23. ↑ New York Times, "Democrats in New York State Senate Reconcile After Years of Infighting," April 4, 2018
  24. ↑ The New York Times, "G.O.P. Regains Control of New York State Senate," June 8, 2009
  25. ↑ The Washington Post, "Stalemate in N.Y. State Senate Appears to Be Resolved as Democrat Rejoins Caucus," July 10, 2009
  26. ↑ Cleveland.com, "Republican Jason Stephens elected Ohio House speaker thanks to Democratic support," January 3, 2023
  27. ↑ Cleveland.com, "Ohio Republican Party passes resolution condemning 22 GOP lawmakers over bipartisan Ohio House speaker vote," January 6, 2023
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 MSN, "Ohio Republican Party endorses all 2024 federal and state GOP candidates -- except House Speaker Jason Stephens," August 27, 2024
  29. ↑ WKYC, "Ohio House Speaker Jason Stephens ends his bid to retain the position," November 18, 2024
  30. ↑ WOUB, "There were no surprises as Ohio lawmakers started a new session and the new House speaker made history," January 7, 2025
  31. ↑ The Plain-Dealer, "Democratic support brings Republican Larry Householder close to becoming Ohio House speaker," January 4, 2019
  32. ↑ Twitter, "Stephen Caruso," Jan. 3, 2023
  33. ↑ Philadelphia Inquirer, "Mark Rozzi, a Democrat-turned-independent, is now speaker of the Pa. House after a surprise vote," Jan. 3, 2022
  34. ↑ Spotlight PA, "Joanna McClinton elected first female speaker of the Pa. House as Mark Rozzi steps down," February 28, 2023
  35. ↑ The Philadelphia Inquirer, "O'Brien's speaker deal upset GOP," June 18, 2007
  36. ↑ Lancaster Online, "O’'Brien wins speaker’s post in House shakeup," January 3, 2007
  37. ↑ Pocono Record, "McCall gets Democratic nod as speaker of Pa. House," November 18, 2016
  38. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Of Coalitions, in Tennessee and Elsewhere," January 14, 2009
  39. ↑ Deseret News, "Harwell first woman elected Tenn. House speaker," January 11, 2011
  40. ↑ The New York Times, "In the Tennessee Senate, a Historic Shift of Power," January 27, 2007
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 The Texas Tribune, "Rep. Dustin Burrows voted Texas House speaker in blow to insurgent GOP movement," January 14, 2025
  42. ↑ FOX 4 News, "Texas House Speaker race shows state of GOP civil war | Texas: The Issue Is," December 15, 2024
  43. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "We ranked Texas House members along the ideological spectrum based on their 2023 votes," December 15, 2023
  44. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "Surprise New Texas House Speaker," January 6, 2009
  45. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "Texas House unanimously elects Joe Straus for record-tying fifth term as Speaker," January 10, 2017
  46. ↑ The Seattle Times, "Sen. Tim Sheldon picked as president pro-tem of GOP-controlled state Senate," January 6, 2017
  47. ↑ The Seattle Times, "Race for Washington lieutenant governor a study in contrasts," September 28, 2016
  48. ↑ Seattle Times, "Democratic duo joins with GOP to shake up state Senate," December 10, 2012
  49. ↑ The Seattle Times, "In twist, Democrats elevate GOP state Sen. Pam Roach to leadership," January 12, 2015
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