Improvements for Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Test Procedures rule (2022)

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The Improvements for Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Test Procedures is a significant rule issued by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), effective August 29, 2022, that corrects and clarifies the Greenhouse gas Emissions Model for heavy-duty vehicles.[1]

HIGHLIGHTS
  • Name: Improvements for Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Test Procedures
  • Code of Federal Regulations: 40 CFR 1036, 40 CFR 1037
  • Action: Final rule
  • Type of significant rule: Other significant rule

    • Timeline

    The following timeline details key rulemaking activity:

    Background

    The Greenhouse gas Emissions Model (GEM) is a computer program that estimates the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for heavy-duty vehicles. The original GEM version 3.0 set standards in the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles Phase 2 rulemaking. After several revisions to the GEM, this final rule adopts GEM 4.0 to update and correct the vehicle simulations and other factors.[1]

    Summary of the rule

    The following is a summary of the rule from the rule's entry in the Federal Register:

    “ This final rule includes corrections, clarifications, additional flexibilities, and adjustment factors to improve the Greenhouse gas Emissions Model (GEM) compliance tool for heavy-duty vehicles while more closely matching the outputs produced by the original GEM version 3.0 that was used to establish the CO2 standards for Model Years 2021 and later in the 2016 Heavy-duty Phase 2 final rule. Given the nature of this rule, there will be neither significant environmental impacts nor significant economic impacts.[2] ”

    Summary of provisions

    The following is a summary of the provisions from the rule's entry in the Federal Register:[1]

    “ This final rule further revises GEM and includes GEM adjustment factors within the model. Applying the adjustment factors within GEM will help reduce potential process errors.

    We are adopting GEM version 4.0.[9 10] This updated version of the model allows additional compliance flexibilities and improves the vehicle simulation by incorporating the following improvements relative to GEM 3.5.1:

    1. Changed limits on engine input to allow small negative torque inputs.

    2. Corrected how GEM adjusts the idle fueling of the transient cycle by using the same idle duration time both for subtracting the idle fuel rate from the transient cycle average engine fuel map and for adding back in the simulated idle fuel rate.

    3. Added an option for vocational vehicles to input a value for neutral coasting in GEM and amend the related test procedure in 40 CFR 1037.520(j)(1).

    4. Corrected manual and automated manual transmissions to perform clutched upshifts for Heavy Heavy-Duty Vehicles (HDV).

    5. Allow input files from previous versions of GEM.

    6. Changed GEM to not merge drive idle fuel map with default steady-state fuel map.

    7. Corrected errors with the default fuel maps that are used for Custom Chassis vehicles.

    8. Changed the regression model that is used for interpolating the cycle average fuel maps for the cruise cycles to improve the accuracy and representativeness of the regression model.[11]

    9. Changed GEM to account for the emissions performance of stop-start automatic and engine shutdown systems (AESS) technologies when the powertrain test procedure is used to create the fuel map input file.

    10. Applies mass of CO2

    to gallons of fuel conversion factor by combustion type instead of fuel type.

    11. Includes a change to the carbon mass fraction for E85 to the value in Table 1 of 40 CFR 1036.530.

    12. Includes a 5% tolerance for declared idle target speed vs idle fuel map test points.

    13. Changed how GEM models powertrain accessory work for 55/65 mph cruise cycles and idle cycles.[12]

    a. 55/65 mph cruise cycles: GEM uses the slope from the fuel-versus-work regression of the cruise cycle average fuel map to account for emissions from accessory work

    b. Idle cycles: GEM uses the slope from the fuel-versus-work regression of the transient cycle average fuel map to account for emissions from accessory work

    14. Changed GEM output label 'FEL CO2 Emissions' to 'Default FEL CO2 Emissions' and 'FEL Consumption' to 'Default FEL Consumption'.

    15. Changed units of GEM tire rolling resistance input from 'kg/t' to 'N/kN'.

    16. Updated GEM hardware in the loop (HIL) to better reflect operation during transmission shifting.[2]

    		”

    Significant impact

    See also: Significant regulatory action

    Executive Order 12866, issued by President Bill Clinton (D) in 1993, directed the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to determine which agency rules qualify as significant rules and thus are subject to OMB review.

    Significant rules have had or might have a large impact on the economy, environment, public health, or state or local governments. These actions may also conflict with other rules or presidential priorities. Executive Order 12866 further defined an economically significant rule as a significant rule with an associated economic impact of $100 million or more. Executive Order 14094, issued by President Joe Biden (D) on April 6, 2023, made changes to Executive Order 12866, including referring to economically significant rules as section 3(f)(1) significant rules and raising the monetary threshold for economic significance to $200 million or more.[1]

    The text of the Improvements for Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Test Procedures rule states that OMB deemed this rule significant, but not economically significant:

    “ This action is a significant regulatory action that was submitted to the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for review.[2] ”

    Text of the rule

    The full text of the rule is available below:[1]

    See also

    External links

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Federal Register, "Improvements for Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Test Procedures," July 28, 2022
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
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