Sonia Sotomayor
2009 - Present
15
Sonia Sotomayor is an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. President Barack Obama (D) nominated her to fill the seat left vacant by David Souter's retirement on June 29, 2009. The Senate confirmed her nomination and she was sworn in on August 8, 2009, becoming the first Hispanic justice to sit on the court.[1]
Sotomayor was born in New York, New York, in 1954. She graduated as valedictorian from Cardinal Spellman High School, a private Catholic school in New York City, in 1972. Sotomayor received an undergraduate degree in history from Princeton University in 1976 and a J.D. from Yale Law School in 1979. At Yale, she co-chaired the Latin American and Native American Students Association and edited the Yale Law Journal.[1]
Sotomayor began her legal career as an assistant district attorney in Manhattan in 1979. She moved into private practice at Pavia & Harcourt in 1984, where she specialized in intellectual property rights and copyright litigation.[1]
President George H.W. Bush (R) nominated Sotomayor to serve on the District Court for the Southern District of New York in 1991; she took the bench in 1992. While on the court, notable rulings included Silverman v. Major League Baseball Player Relations Committee, Inc, where her decision ended a Major League Baseball strike, and Castle Rock Entertainment, Inc. v. Carol Publishing Group, where her opinion in a Seinfeld-related copyright infringement case became a standard for fair use doctrine.[1]
Sotomayor joined the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in 1998 after President Bill Clinton (D) nominated her to that court in 1997.[2] A notable ruling included her majority opinion in abortion case Center for Reproductive Law and Policy v. Bush, where the Center brought a case against the Bush administration's 2001 reinstatement of the Global Gag Rule. Sotomayor "found that the Center's free speech claim was ruled out by an earlier opinion ... [and that] the Center lacked standing to pursue [a violation to due process] claim."[3] She also rejected the Center's equal protection claim.[3]
Sotomayor said of her judicial philosophy: "I have always tried to approach the law as a learning process, as one of trying to understanding how other people have approached particular questions. I believe that people really expect the law to have some fixed meaning that gives them some measure of comfort in their human relations."[4]
Recapping Sotomayor's first ten years on the court, Richard Wolf wrote in USA Today in 2019 that "she has been a reliable member of the court's liberal wing."[5] Sotomayor’s notable Supreme Court opinions include her dissent in preferential admissions case Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action and her joint dissent in abortion case Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization. She also ruled in the majority in cases that upheld the Affordable Care Act and in Obergefell v. Hodges, which legalized same-sex marriage.[1]
Professional career
- 2009 - Present: Associate justice, Supreme Court of the United States
- 1998-2009: Judge, United States Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit
- 1992-1998: Judge, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
- 1984-1992: Private practice, New York, N.Y.
- 1979-1984: Assistant district attorney, New York County, N.Y.[6]
Early life and education
Sotomayor was born on June 25, 1954, in New York, New York. Her parents were born in Puerto Rico.[7][8][9] Sotomayor graduated as valedictorian from Cardinal Spellman High School, a private Catholic school in New York City, in 1972. At the time of her confirmation, Sotomayor was the sixth sitting Catholic on the court, alongside Chief Justice John Roberts and justices Anthony Kennedy, Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, and Samuel Alito.[10][11][12]
Sotomayor graduated summa cum laude from Princeton University with an undergraduate degree in history in 1976. While at Princeton, she received the M. Taylor Pyne Honor Prize. Sotomayor wrote her senior thesis on "The Impact of the Life of Luis Muñoz Marin on the Political and Economic History of Puerto Rico, 1930-1975." After graduating from Princeton University, Sotomayor attended Yale Law School, where she received her J.D. in 1979. She co-chaired the Latin American and Native American Students Association and was published in the Yale Law Journal (where she served as an editor) with the note "Statehood and the Equal Footing Doctrine: The Case for Puerto Rican Seabed Rights," which, as the title suggests, analyzed issues regarding Puerto Rico's ability to maintain rights to its seabed if it pursued statehood.[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][7]
Approach to the law
Sotomayor is known to be a member of the court's liberal bloc. Recapping her first ten years on the court, Richard Wolf wrote in USA Today in 2019 that "she has been a reliable member of the court's liberal wing."[20]
Oyez, a law project created by Cornell’s Legal Information Institute, Justia, and Chicago-Kent College of Law, said in 2019 that Sotomayor "is known on the court for her trust in the judicial process, and her cutthroat attitude toward ill-prepared attorneys. She is also known for her kindness toward jurors and the attorneys who work hard to advocate for their clients."[1]
Martin-Quinn score
Sotomayor's Martin-Quinn score following the 2023-2024 term was -4.21, making her the most liberal justice on the court at that time. Martin-Quinn scores were developed by political scientists Andrew Martin and Kevin Quinn from the University of Michigan, and measure the justices of the Supreme Court along an ideological continuum. The further from zero on the scale, the more conservative (>0) or liberal (<0) the justice. The chart below details every justice's Martin-Quinn score for the 2023-2024 term. These are preliminary scores provided by Kevin Quinn that may differ slightly from the final version of the scores that Martin and Quinn will make publicly available at a later date.
See also
- Supreme Court of the United States
- Supreme Court cases, October term 2020-2021
- Sotomayor confirmation hearing video
- Reaction to Sonia Sotomayor nomination
External links
- Profile by Oyez
- Profile from the Supreme Court Historical Society
- United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Questionnaire filled out by Sotomayor
- Appendix to the Committee on the Judiciary Questionnaire filled out by Sotomayor
- GPO.gov, "Full Transcript of Justice Sotomayor's Senate Judiciary Hearing"
- Opinions involving Sonia Sotomayor from Open Jurist
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Oyez, "Sonia Sotomayor," accessed April 19, 2022
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedfjc - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Center For Reproductive Rights, "Center for Reproductive Law & Policy v. Bush: Background on Judge Sonia Sotomayor’s 2002 Opinion," accessed July 3, 2024
- ↑ Notre Dame News, "A conversation with Justice Sonia Sotomayor," September 3, 2015
- ↑ USA Today, "'The People's Justice': After decade on Supreme Court, Sonia Sotomayor is most outspoken on bench and off," August 8, 2019
- ↑ Federal Judicial Center, "Sonia Sotomayor," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Time, "Sonia Sotomayor: A justice like no other," May 28, 2009 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Time Nomination" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "Time Nomination" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ New York Times, "In Puerto Rico, Supreme Court pick with island roots becomes a superstar," May 29, 2009
- ↑ New York Times, "A breakthrough judge: what she always wanted," September 25, 1992
- ↑ Cardinal Spellman High School, "Spellman grad U.S. Supreme Court nominee"
- ↑ Boston.com, "Sotomayor would be sixth Catholic justice," May 26, 2009, archived January 17, 2013
- ↑ Adherents.com, "Religious affiliation of the U.S. Supreme Court"
- ↑ Politico, "Princeton University holds the key to understanding Sonia Sotomayor," May 29, 2009
- ↑ The Daily Princetonian, "Latin student groups assail university hiring performance," April 22, 1974
- ↑ Princeton University, "Princeton alumna, trustee nominated to Supreme Court," May 26, 2009
- ↑ Preface to Sonia Sotomayor's Princeton University Senior Thesis: "The Impact of the Life of Luis Muñoz Marin on the Political and Economic History of Puerto Rico, 1930-1975."
- ↑ Federal Judicial Center, "Sotomayor, Sonia"
- ↑ Yale Law Journal, Sonia Sotomayor's note," May 27, 2009
- ↑ Yale Law Journal, "Sonia Sotomayor's Yale Law Journal note 'Statehood and the Equal Footing Doctrine: The Case for Puerto Rican Seabed Rights,'" April 1979
- ↑ USA Today, "'The People's Justice': After decade on Supreme Court, Sonia Sotomayor is most outspoken on bench and off," August 8, 2019
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Washington Post, "Sotomyaor wins confirmation," August 7, 2009 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "WashPost Vote" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ New York Times, "Senate panel endorses Sotomayor in 13-6 vote," July 28, 2009
- ↑ New York Times "Souter said to be leaving court in June," April 30, 2009
- ↑ The Unz Review, "Obama's choices: Gird your loins," May 1, 2009
- ↑ Chicago Tribune, "Contrasts with court transcend ethnicity," August 7, 2009
- ↑ Time, "Sonia Sotomayor: A justice like no other," May 28, 2009
- ↑ BBC News, "Senate ends Sotomayor questioning," July 16, 2009
- ↑ Fox News, "'Meltdown'-proof? Sotomayor's confirmation assured?" July 14, 2009
- ↑ New York Times, "G.O.P., its eyes on high court, blocks a judge," June 13, 1998
- ↑ New York Times, "After delay, Senate approves judge for court in New York," October 3, 1998
- ↑ American Bar Association, "Ratings of Article III judicial nominees: 105th Congress (1997-1998)," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 New York Times, "Woman in the news - Sotomayor, a trailblazer and a dreamer," May 27, 2009
- ↑ New York Times, "4 women delayed in rise to the bench," July 14, 1992
- ↑ New York Times, "Update; a small whittling down of federal bench vacancies," August 16, 1992
- ↑ Dissenting Justice, "Hatchet job: Jeffrey Rosen's utterly bankrupt analysis of Judge Sonia Sotomayor," May 4, 2009
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 SCOTUSblog, "STAT PACK for the Supreme Court’s 2021-22 term," July 1, 2022
- ↑ SCOTUSBlog.com, "Stat Pack archive," accessed April 22, 2016
- ↑ SCOTUSBlog, "Final Stat Pack for October Term 2016 and key takeaways," accessed April 16, 2018
- ↑ SCOTUSBlog, "Final Stat Pack for October Term 2017 and key takeaways," accessed October 4, 2018
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Empirical SCOTUS, "2023 Stat Review," July 1, 2024
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Empirical SCOTUS, "Another One Bites the Dust: End of 2022/2023 Supreme Court Term Statistics," November 16, 2023
- ↑ SCOTUSblog, "STAT PACK for the Supreme Court’s 2021-22 term," July 2, 2021
- ↑ Due to a change in the 2020 stat pack format, the agreement rate uses the rate of agreement in judgment.
- ↑ Due to a change in the 2021 stat pack format, the agreement rate uses the rate of agreement in judgment.
- ↑ SCOTUSblog, "2020-21 Stat pack: Frequency in the majority," July 2, 2021
- ↑ SCOTUSblog, "Frequency in the Majority," accessed September 21, 2020
- ↑ SCOTUSblog, "OT18 Frequency in the Majority," accessed July 3, 2019
- ↑ The Supreme Court Database, "Analysis," accessed June 11, 2019
- ↑ Casetext, Ariz. R. Crim. P. 32.1, accessed February 27, 2023
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedquestion - ↑ 51.0 51.1 Scotusblog, In rare win for people on death row, justices chide Arizona for ignoring Supreme Court precedent accessed February 27, 2023
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedOpinion - ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedOpinion2 - ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ U.S. Supreme Court, Cruz v. Arizona - "Certiorari to the Supreme Court Of Arizona," accessed February 23, 2023
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "SALINAS v. UNITED STATES RAILROAD RETIREMENT BOARD: Slip opinion," decided February 3, 2021
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Herrera v. Wyoming," May 20, 2019
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 Cornell Law, "Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action," accessed June 24, 2014
- ↑ Time, "Where Sonia Sotomayor really stands on race," June 11, 2009Scroll to page 2
- ↑ Americans for Legal Immigration, "Where Sonia Sotomayor really stands on race:Time," June 18, 2009
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 New York Times, "Selected cases of Judge Sonia Sotomayor," accessed April 14, 2021 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "NYT Selected Cases" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "NYT Selected Cases" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Time, "How the Republicans will go after Sonia Sotomayor," July 13, 2009
- ↑ FindLaw, "Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: Equal Employment Opportunity," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ New York Times, "Because of race: Ricci v. DeStefano - Stanley Fish Blog," July 13, 2009
- ↑ SCOTUSblog, "Argument recap: Ricci v. DeStefano," April 24, 2009
- ↑ Legal Information Institute Bulletin, "Ricci v. DeStefano," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ Cornell Law School: Legal Information Institute, "Ricci v. DeStefano," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Ricci v. DeStefano," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ Christian Science Monitor, "U.S. Supreme Court takes up 'reverse discrimination' case," January 9, 2009
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 New York Times, "Sotomayor's notable court opinions and articles," July 10, 2009
- ↑ OpenJurist, "Riverkeeper Inc. v. United States Envrionmental Protection Agency," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ OpenJurist, "Center for Reproductive Law and Policy v. Bush"
- ↑ Washington Post, "Abortion rights backers get reassurances on nominee," May 29, 2009
- ↑ OpenJurist, "John Malesko v. Correctional Services Corporation," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ Cornell Law School, "CASTLE ROCK ENTERTAINMENT, INC. v. CAROL PUBLISHING GROUP, 150 F.3d 132 (2nd Cir. 1998) (LOISLAW)," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ Justia.com, "Castle Rock Entertainment, Inc. v. Carol Publishing Group, Inc. and Beth B. Golub," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 CNN, "Sotomayor's resume, record on notable cases," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ OpenJurist.com, "New York Times Company Inc. v. Jonathan Tasini," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ Justia.com, "New York Times Co., Inc. v. Tasini et al.," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ New York Times, "Sotomayor's baseball ruling lingers, 14 years later," May 26, 2009
- ↑ OpenJurist.com, "Silverman v. Major League Baseball Player Relations Committee Inc.," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ The Employment Law Post, "Sotomayor's district court decisions on traditional labor matters," June 16, 2009
- ↑ New York Times, "Sotomayor, baseball's savior, may be possibility for high court," May 14, 2009
- ↑ New York Times, "BASEBALL: Woman in the news; strike-zone arbitrator -- Sonia Sotomayor," April 1, 1995
- ↑ Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, "A summary of media related decisions by Supreme Court nominee Sonia Sotomayor," accessed April 14, 2021
- ↑ U.S. Department of Justice, "FOIA update: significant new decisions (1995)," January 1, 1995
- ↑ First Amendment Center, "Sotomayor on the First Amendment," May 28, 2009, archived on April 23, 2010
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by - |
Supreme Court of the United States 2009-Present |
Succeeded by - |
| Preceded by - |
United States Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit 1998-2009 |
Succeeded by - |
| Preceded by - |
United States District Court for the Southern District of New York 1992-1998 |
Succeeded by - |
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Active judges |
Chief Judge: Debra Livingston • Joseph Bianco • Richard Sullivan (New York) • Maria Araujo Kahn • Raymond Lohier • Alison J. Nathan • Beth Robinson • Sarah A.L. Merriam • Michael Park • Steven Menashi • William Nardini • Eunice Lee • Myrna Pérez | ||
| Senior judges |
Denny Chin • Gerard Lynch • Pierre Leval • Dennis Jacobs • Jon Newman • Amalya Kearse • John Walker (New York) • Chester Straub • Guido Calabresi • Jose Cabranes • Robert Sack • Barrington Parker • Reena Raggi • Richard Wesley • Susan L. Carney (Second Circuit) • | ||
| Former judges | Christopher Droney • Julian William Mack • Frank Altimari • Samuel Blatchford • Alexander Smith Johnson • Nathaniel Shipman • William James Wallace • Lewis Bartholomew Woodruff • Sonia Sotomayor • Wilfred Feinberg • Ralph Winter • Roger Miner • Rosemary Pooler • Robert Katzmann • Peter Hall (Federal judge) • John Mahoney (Second Circuit) • George Pratt • Richard Cardamone • Lawrence Pierce • Thomas Meskill • William Mulligan • James Oakes • William Timbers • Fred Parker • Alfred Conkling Coxe • Emile Henry Lacombe • William Kneeland Townsend • Charles Merrill Hough • Walter Chadwick Noyes • Henry Galbraith Ward • John Harlan II • Learned Hand • Martin Augustine Knapp • Julius Marshuetz Mayer • Augustus Noble Hand • Martin Thomas Manton • Henry Wade Rogers • Harrie Brigham Chase • Thomas Walter Swan • Carroll Hincks • Charles Edward Clark • John Joseph Smith • Robert Palmer Anderson • Robert Porter Patterson, Sr. • Murray Gurfein • Irving Kaufman • Walter Mansfield • Harold Medina • Thurgood Marshall • Jerome Frank • Henry Friendly • Paul Hays • Joseph Lumbard • Leonard Moore • Ellsworth Van Graafeiland • Sterry Waterman • | ||
| Former Chief judges |
Wilfred Feinberg • Jon Newman • Ralph Winter • John Walker (New York) • Robert Katzmann • Thomas Meskill • James Oakes • Learned Hand • Harrie Brigham Chase • Thomas Walter Swan • Charles Edward Clark • Irving Kaufman • Henry Friendly • Joseph Lumbard • | ||
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Active judges |
Chief Judge: Laura Swain • Kenneth Karas • John Koeltl • Cathy Seibel • Andrew L. Carter, Jr. • Nelson S. Roman • Analisa Torres • J. Paul Oetken • Paul A. Engelmayer • Edgardo Ramos • Jesse Furman • Ronnie Abrams • Katherine Failla • Vernon Broderick • Gregory Howard Woods • Mary Kay Vyskocil • Lewis Liman • Philip Halpern • John Cronan (New York) • Jennifer Rearden • Dale Ho • Jessica Clarke • Jennifer Rochon • Arun Subramanian • Margaret Garnett • Jeannette Vargas | ||
| Senior judges |
Victor Marrero • Kimba Wood • Richard Berman • Naomi Buchwald • Kevin Castel • Denise Cote • Paul Crotty • George Daniels • Paul Gardephe • Charles Haight • Alvin Hellerstein • Lewis Kaplan • John Keenan (New York) • Colleen McMahon • Loretta Preska • Jed Rakoff • Louis Stanton • Sidney Stein • Vincent L. Briccetti • Lorna Schofield • Valerie Caproni • | ||
| Magistrate judges | Kevin Fox • Debra Freeman • Gabriel Gorenstein • Paul Davison • James L. Cott • Sarah Netburn • Judith C. McCarthy • Barbara Moses • Katharine Parker • Stewart Aaron • Robert Lehrburger • Ona Wang • Sarah Cave • Andrew Krause • Jennifer Willis • Kim Berg • | ||
| Former Article III judges |
Michael Mukasey • Morris Lasker • Harold Baer • Deborah Batts • Robert Carter (New York) • Miriam Goldman Cedarbaum • Denny Chin • William Conner • Thomas Griesa • Richard Holwell • Barbara Jones • Shirley Kram • Peter Leisure • Gerard Lynch • Lawrence McKenna • Richard Owen • Robert Patterson (New York) • William Pauley • Stephen Robinson (New York) • Shira Scheindlin • John Sprizzo • Richard Sullivan (New York) • Robert Sweet • William Peter Van Ness • Samuel Rossiter Betts • Samuel Blatchford • Sonia Sotomayor • William Gardner Choate • Pierre Leval • Wilfred Feinberg • John Walker (New York) • Barrington Parker • Lawrence Pierce • Addison Brown • George Bethune Adams • George Chandler Holt • Charles Merrill Hough • Learned Hand • Julius Marshuetz Mayer • Augustus Noble Hand • John Clark Knox • Martin Thomas Manton • William Bondy • Henry Warren Goddard • Francis Asbury Winslow • Frank Joseph Coleman • Thomas Day Thacher • Alfred Conkling Coxe, Jr. • John Munro Woolsey • George Murray Hulbert • John William Clancy • Vincent Leibell (New York judge) • Samuel Mandelbaum • Edward Conger • Robert Porter Patterson, Sr. • Kevin Duffy • Gerard Goettel • Charles Metzner • Arnold Bauman • Alexander Bicks • Dudley Bonsal • Charles Brieant • John Bright • Vincent Broderick • Frederick Bryan • Francis Caffey • John Cannella • Richard Casey • John Cashin • Kenneth Conboy • Irving Cooper • Thomas Croake • Richard Daronco • Archie Dawson • Edward Dimock • David Edelstein • Marvin Frankel • Louis Freeh • Lee Gagliardi • Murray Gurfein • William Herlands • Irving Kaufman • Samuel Kaufman • Percy Knapp • Richard Levet • Mary Lowe • Lloyd MacMahon • Walter Mansfield • John McGohey • Edward McLean • Harold Medina • Constance Motley • Gregory Noonan • Edmund Palmieri • Milton Pollack • Simon Rifkind • Sylvester Ryan • Allen Schwartz • Abraham Sofaer • Charles Stewart • Sidney Sugarman • Charles Tenney • Harold Tyler • Lawrence Walsh (New York judge) • Robert Ward • Edward Weinfeld • Henry Werker • Inzer Wyatt • John S. Martin (New York) • Thomas Francis Murphy (New York) • Alison J. Nathan • Katherine Forrest • | ||
| Former Chief judges |
Kimba Wood • Colleen McMahon • Loretta Preska • Lisa Smith (New York) • John Clark Knox • William Bondy • John William Clancy • Charles Brieant • David Edelstein • Lloyd MacMahon • Constance Motley • Sylvester Ryan • Sidney Sugarman • | ||
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominated | |||
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 |
Adams • Ambrose • Barnes • Brinkema • Bucklew • Chasanow • Coffman • Daughtrey • Ferguson • Ginsburg • Hagen • Jackson • Lancaster • Leval • Lindsay • Messitte • Michael • Piersol • Saris • Schwartz • Seybert • Shanahan • Shaw • Stearns • Trager • Vazquez • Wilken • Wilson | ||
| 1994 |
Baer • Barkett • Batts • Beaty • Benavides • Bennett • Berrigan • Biery • Block • Borman • Breyer • Briones • Bryson • Bucklo • Burgess • Burrage • Cabranes • Calabresi • Carr • Casellas • Castillo • Chatigny • Chin • Cindrich • Coar • Collins • Cooper • Cote • Currie • Davis • Dominguez • Downes • Duval • Friedman • Furgeson • Garcia • Gertner • Gettleman • Gillmor • Gilmore • Gleeson • Haggerty • Hamilton • Hannah • Hawkins • Henry • Holmes • Hood • Hull • Hurley • Jack • Jones • Jones • Kaplan • Katz • Kern • Kessler • Koeltl • Lisi • Manning • McKee • McLaughlin • Melancon • Miles-LaGrange • Moore • Motz • Murphy • O'Malley • O'Meara • Oliver • Paez • B. Parker • F. Parker • R. Parker • Perry • Ponsor • Pooler • Porteous • Rendell • Riley • Robertson • Rogers • Ross • Russell • Sands • Sarokin • Scheindlin • Silver • Squatrito • Stewart • Sullivan • Tatel • Thompson • Timlin • Urbina • Vanaskie • Vance • Walls • Wells • Williams | ||
| 1995 |
Arterton • Atlas • Black • Blake • Briscoe • Tena Campbell • Todd Campbell • Chesney • Cole • Collier • Daniel • Davis • Dennis • Dlott • Donald • Duffy • Economus • Evans • Fallon • Folsom • Gaughan • Goodwin • Heartfield • Hunt • Illston • Jones • King • Kornmann • Lawson • Lenard • Lucero • Lynch • McKinley • Moody • Moore • Moskowitz • Murphy • Murtha • Nugent • O'Toole • Orlofsky • Pogue • Sessions • C. Smith • O. Smith • Stein • Thornburg • Tunheim • Wallach • Wardlaw • Webber • Whaley • Winmill • Wood | ||
| 1996 |
Broadwater • Clevert • Fenner • Gershon • Gottschall • Greenaway • Hinkle • Jones • Kahn • Laughrey • Lemmon • Marten • Miller • Molloy • Montgomery • Pregerson • Rakoff • Sargus • Tashima • Thomas • Zapata | ||
| 1997 |
Adelman • Bataillon • Breyer • Caputo • Casey • Chambers • Clay • Damrell • Droney • Friedman • Gajarsa • Garland • Gilman • Gold • Gwin • Hall • Hayden • Hull • Ishii • Jenkins • Kauffman • Kennedy • Kimball • Kollar-Kotelly • Lazzara • Marbley • Marcus • Middlebrooks • Miller • Moon • Pratt • Rendell • Sippel • Siragusa • Snyder • Thrash | ||
| 1998 |
Aiken • Barbier • Barzilay • Berman • Buttram • Carter • Collins • Dawson • Dimitrouleas • Fletcher • Fogel • Frank • Graber • Hellerstein • Herndon • James • Johnson • Kane • Kelly • G. King • R. King • Lasnik • Lee • Lemelle • Lindsay • Lipez • Manella • Matz • McCuskey • McKeown • McMahon • Mickle • Mollway • Mordue • Moreno • Morrow • Munley • Murphy • Pallmeyer • Pauley • Polster • Pooler • Rawlinson • Ridgway • R. Roberts • V. Roberts • Sack • Scott • Seitz • Seymour • Shea • Silverman • Sleet • Sotomayor • Steeh • Story • Straub • Tagle • Tarnow • Trauger • Traxler • Tyson • Wardlaw • Whelan • Young | ||
| 1999 |
Alsup • Barry • Brown • Buchwald • Cooper • Eaton • Ellison • Feess • Fisher • Gould • Guzman • Haynes • Hibbler • Hochberg • Hurd • Huvelle • Jordan • Katzmann • Kennelly • Linn • Lorenz • Lynn • Marrero • Murguia • Pannell • Pechman • Pepper • Phillips • Schreier • Stewart • Underhill • Ward • Williams • Wilson | ||
| 2000 |
Ambro • Antoon • Battani • Berzon • Bolton • Brady • Bye • Cavanaugh • Daniels • Darrah • Dawson • Dyk • Fuentes • Garaufis • Garcia-Gregory • Hamilton • Huck • Hunt • Lawson • Lefkow • Lynch • Martin • McLaughlin • Moody • Murguia • Paez • Pisano • Presnell • Rawlinson • Reagan • Schiller • Singal • Steele • Surrick • Swain • Tallman • Teilborg • Tucker • Whittemore | ||
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 1989 |
Barksdale • Bonner • Buckwalter • Cyr • Fernandez • Garbis • Harmon • Lee • Lindberg • Lodge • Nelson • Nottingham • Plager • Rosen • Rymer • Smith • Spatt • Thomas • VanBebber • J. Walker • V. Walker • Wiener • Wright | ||
| 1990 |
Alito • Amon • Birch • Boudin • Cleland • Clevenger • Dubina • Hamilton • Henderson • Hood • Hornby • Jones • Kent • Levi • Loken • Lourie • Martin • McBryde • McClure • McKenna • McLaughlin • McNamee • Moreno • Mullen • Nelson • Nickerson • Niemeyer • Norton • Parker • Pickering • Rader • Rainey • Randolph • Shanstrom • Shedd • Shubb • Singleton • Skretny • Souter • Sparr • Stahl • Stamp • Suhrheinrich • Taylor • Vollmer • Ware • Wilson | ||
| 1991 |
Albritton • Andersen • Armstrong • Arnold • Bartle • Bassler • Batchelder • Beckwith • Belot • Benson • Blackburn • Bramlette • Brody • Brody • Burrell • Carnes • Caulfield • Cauthron • Clement • Collier • Conway • Cooper • Dalzell • DeMent • DeMoss • Doherty • Echols • Edmunds • Faber • Freeh • Gaitan • Garza • Graham • Haik • Hamilton • Hansen • Hendren • Herlong • Highsmith • Hogan • Huff • Hurley • Irenas • Johnson • Joyner • Kelly • Kleinfeld • Legg • Leonard • Lewis • Longstaff • Lungstrum • Luttig • Matia • McCalla • McDade • McKeague • McKelvie • Means • Merryday • Moore • Morgan • Nielsen • Nimmons • Osteen Sr. • Padova • Payne • Reinhard • Robinson • Robreno • Roll • Roth • Schlesinger • Scullin • Siler • Solis • Sotomayor • Sparks • Stohr • Thomas • Traxler • Trimble • Ungaro • Van Sickle • Wanger • Werlein • Whyte • Yohn | ||
| 1992 |
Baird • Barbadoro • Black • Boudin • Carnes • Covello • DiClerico • Gilbert • Gonzalez • Gorton • Hansen • Heyburn • Jackson • Jacobs • Keeley • Kendall • Kopf • Kyle • Lewis • McAuliffe • McLaughlin • Melloy • Preska • Quist • Randa • Rosenthal • Rovner • Schall • Sedwick • Simandle • Stahl • Vratil • Williams | ||
