Results for voting-related and noncitizen voting ballot measures, 2024
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On November 5, 2024, voters decided on 10 ballot measures related to voting policies. Eight to preempt noncitizen voting at the state and local levels were approved. These measures were on the ballot in Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Wisconsin.
In Connecticut, a ballot measure to authorize laws for no-excuse absentee voting was approved. In Nevada, voters approved an initiative to create a voter identification requirement. However, in Nevada, citizen-initiated constitutional amendments must be approved twice, so voters will decide on the question again in 2026.
This page provides election results for the voting-related ballot measures, as well as campaign finance and historical ballot measure context. Click on the links below to find the following:
- Summaries for measures to watch
- Results for Nov. 5, 2024
- Campaign finance for ballot measures
- Historical context
Watchlist
The following ballot measure trend is highlighted:
- Citizenship Requirement Amendments: Bans on noncitizen voting at the state level had become more frequent since 2018. In 2024, eight state legislatures referred constitutional amendments to the ballot to prohibit the state or local governments from allowing noncitizen voting. The eight states were Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, and Wisconsin. Voters approved each one. Jack Tomczak, Vice President of Americans for Citizen Voting, which supports the ballot measures, said, "We, and legislators who sponsor these, are getting ahead of fixing a problem that maybe has not reared its head as much in these states. It’s not like it’s happening everywhere and it must be stopped immediately. But preemption is not a bad thing." Jonathan Diaz, Director of Voting Advocacy for the Campaign Legal Center, said, "These proposed constitutional amendments are aimed really at two things: preventing local governments in those states from allowing non-U.S. citizens to vote in local elections, and advancing this false narrative that non-U.S. citizens are somehow participating in U.S. elections in large numbers, which is totally unsupported by any evidence or facts."[1]
Results
- See also: 2024 ballot measure election results
State
Citizenship requirement
The following table lists the eight ballot measures related to citizenship and voting, including their election results.
State | Type | Title | Description | Result | Yes Votes | No Votes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IA | Amendment 1 | Prohibit the state and local governments from allowing noncitizens to vote and allow 17-year-olds who will be 18 by the general election to vote in primary elections |
|
1,150,332 (77%) |
341,034 (23%) |
|
ID | HJR 5 | Prohibit the state and local governments from allowing noncitizens to vote |
|
572,865 (65%) |
309,456 (35%) |
|
KY | Constitutional Amendment 1 | Prohibit the state and local governments from allowing noncitizens to vote |
|
1,208,898 (62%) |
727,515 (38%) |
|
MO | Amendment 7 | Prohibit ranked-choice voting (RCV) and the state local and governments from allowing noncitizens to vote |
|
1,966,852 (68%) |
906,851 (32%) |
|
NC | Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment | Prohibit the state and local governments from allowing noncitizens to vote |
|
4,184,680 (78%) |
1,208,865 (22%) |
|
OK | State Question 834 | Prohibit the state and local governments from allowing noncitizens to vote |
|
1,207,520 (81%) |
288,267 (19%) |
|
SC | Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment | Prohibit the state and local governments from allowing noncitizens to vote |
|
1,982,956 (86%) |
324,432 (14%) |
|
WI | Citizenship Voting Requirement Amendment | Prohibit the state and local governments from allowing noncitizens to vote |
|
2,272,446 (71%) |
950,445 (29%) |
Voter ID
The following table lists the one ballot measure to require voter identification and its election results.
State | Type | Title | Description | Result | Yes Votes | No Votes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NV | Question 7 | Require voters to present photo identification when voting in person or to provide the last four digits of their driver’s license or Social Security number when voting by mail |
|
1,031,153 (73%) |
376,873 (27%) |
Absentee voting
The following table lists the one ballot measure on no-excuse absentee voting and its election results.
State | Type | Title | Description | Result | Yes Votes | No Votes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CT | No-Excuse Absentee Voting Amendment | Authorize the Connecticut State Legislature to pass a law for no-excuse absentee voting |
|
843,153 (58%) |
610,694 (42%) |
Local
The following table lists two local ballot measures related to who can vote, including their election results.
Jurisdiction | State | Type | Title | Description | Result | Yes Votes | No Votes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albany | CA | Measure V | Allow 16- and 17-year olds to vote in municipal and school board elections, contingent on officials determining that's feasible for the Alameda County Registrar of Voters |
|
5,619 (64%) |
3,148 (36%) |
|
Santa Ana | CA | Measure DD | Allow non-citizen residents of Santa Ana to vote in municipal elections |
|
30,799 (41%) |
44,378 (59%) |
Campaign finance
- See also: Ballot measure campaign finance, 2024
The following table lists the statewide ballot measures, support and opposition contributions for each measure, and the post-election outcome of each measure.
Ballot Measure | Support Contributions | Oppose Contributions | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Connecticut No-Excuse Absentee Voting Amendment (2024) | $790,644.01 | $0.00 | |
Idaho HJR 5, Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment (2024) | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
Iowa Amendment 1, Require Citizenship to Vote in Elections and Allow 17-Year-Olds to Vote in Primaries Amendment (2024) | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
Kentucky Constitutional Amendment 1, Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment (2024) | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
Missouri Amendment 7, Require Citizenship to Vote and Prohibit Ranked-Choice Voting Amendment (2024) | $0.00 | $1,651.57 | |
Nevada Question 7, Require Voter Identification Initiative (2024) | $1,864,518.75 | $60,000.00 | |
North Carolina Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment (2024) | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
Oklahoma State Question 834, Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment (2024) | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
South Carolina Citizenship Requirement for Voting Amendment (2024) | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
Wisconsin Citizenship Voting Requirement Amendment (2024) | $0.00 | $0.00 | |
Historical context
Bans on noncitizen voting at the state level have become more frequent since 2018. Voters in six states—Alabama, Colorado, Florida, Louisiana, North Dakota, and Ohio—approved ballot measures banning noncitizen voting from 2018 to 2022. The following table provides a list of these ballot measures and their election results:
State | Year | Type | Title | Description | Result | Yes Votes | No Votes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LA | 2022 | Amendment 1 | Prohibit the state and local governments from allowing noncitizens to vote |
|
314,678 (73%) |
113,808 (27%) |
|
OH | 2022 | Issue 2 | Prohibit the state and local governments from allowing noncitizens to vote |
|
3,099,868 (77%) |
931,205 (23%) |
|
AL | 2020 | Amendment 1 | Prohibit the state and local governments from allowing noncitizens to vote |
|
1,535,862 (77%) |
458,487 (23%) |
|
CO | 2020 | Amendment 76 | Prohibit the state and local governments from allowing noncitizens to vote |
|
1,985,239 (63%) |
1,171,137 (37%) |
|
FL | 2020 | Amendment 1 | Prohibit the state and local governments from allowing noncitizens to vote |
|
8,307,109 (79%) |
2,169,684 (21%) |
|
ND | 2018 | Measure 2 | Prohibit the state and local governments from allowing noncitizens to vote |
|
208,499 (66%) |
107,751 (34%) |
In 1996, Congress passed legislation making noncitizen voting in federal elections a crime. However, depending on the state, some local governments can authorize non-citizens to vote in municipal or school board elections. As of 2024, municipalities in California, Maryland, and Vermont, along with Washington, D.C., allowed noncitizens to vote in some local elections. You can view a list of jurisdictions here.The following is a selection of local ballot measures designed to allow non-citizens to vote in at least some local elections:
Jurisdiction | State | Year | Type | Title | Description | Result | Yes Votes | No Votes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Burlington | VT | 2023 | Question 4 | Allow noncitizens who are legal residents to vote in municipal and school board elections |
|
7,143 (68%) |
3,366 (32%) |
|
Oakland | CA | 2022 | Measure S | Allow noncitizen residents who are are legal guardians of children in the Oakland Unified School District to vote in school board elections |
|
83,637 (67%) |
41,985 (33%) |
|
Multnomah | OR | 2022 | Measure 26-231 | Allow noncitizen residents to vote in county elections |
|
164,781 (47%) |
183,661 (53%) |
|
San Francisco | CA | 2016 | Proposition N | Allow noncitizen residents who are are legal guardians of children in the San Francisco Unified School District to vote in school board elections |
|
203,413 (54%) |
170,570 (46%) |
See also
Footnotes