Presidential election in Mississippi, 2024

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2028
2020
Mississippi
2024 presidential election
Voting in Mississippi

Democratic primary: March 12, 2024
Democratic winner: Joe Biden (D)


Republican primary: March 12, 2024
Republican winner: Donald Trump (R)


Electoral College: Six votes
2024 winner: Donald Trump (R)
2020 winner: Donald Trump (R)
2016 winner: Donald Trump (R)
2012 winner: Mitt Romney (R)


Use the dropdown menu below to read more about the presidential election in each state



Former President Donald Trump (R) won the presidential election in Mississippi on November 5, 2024. Trump won the 2024 presidential election with 312 electoral votes to Vice President Kamala Harris' (D) 226.

The Democratic and Republican parties held primaries on March 12, 2024.[1] Joe Biden (D) won the Democratic primary, and Donald Trump (R) won the Republican primary.

Mississippi was one of six states with six votes in the Electoral College, making it tied for 30th-most. Mississippi was carried by the Republican presidential nominee in every election between 1980 and 2020; the last Democrat to carry the state was Jimmy Carter (D). Between 1900 and 2020, Mississippi backed the Democratic presidential candidate in 51.6% of elections and the Republican candidate in 41.9%.

This page includes the following sections:

Candidates and election results

General election


Presidential election in Mississippi, 2024
 
Candidate/Running mate
%
Popular votes
Electoral votes
Image of
Image of
Donald Trump/J.D. Vance (R)
 
60.9
 
747,744 6
Image of
Image of
Kamala D. Harris/Tim Walz (D)
 
38.0
 
466,668 0
Image of
Image of
Robert F. Kennedy Jr./Nicole Shanahan (Independent)
 
0.4
 
5,387 0
Image of
Image of
Chase Oliver/Mike ter Maat (L)
 
0.2
 
2,536 0
Image of
Image of
Jill Stein/Butch Ware (G)
 
0.2
 
1,873 0
Image of
Image of
Claudia De La Cruz/Karina Garcia (Independent)
 
0.1
 
1,075 0
Image of
Image of
Randall Terry/Stephen E. Broden (Constitution Party)
 
0.1
 
1,030 0
Image of
Image of
Peter Sonski/Lauren Onak (Independent)
 
0.1
 
1,007 0
Image of
Image of
Shiva Ayyadurai/Crystal Ellis (Independent)
 
0.1
 
688 0

Total votes: 1,228,008


Primary election

Mississippi Democratic presidential primary on March 12, 2024
 
Candidate
%
Votes
Pledged delegates
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Official_portrait_of_Vice_President_Joe_Biden.jpg
Joe Biden
 
100
 
91,053 35

Total votes: 91,053 • Total pledged delegates: 35


Mississippi Republican presidential primary on March 12, 2024
 
Candidate
%
Votes
Pledged delegates
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/473px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Donald_Trump.jpg
Donald Trump
 
92.5
 
229,198 40
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Nikki_Haley_official_Transition_portrait.jpg
Nikki Haley
 
5.4
 
13,437 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Ron_DeSantis__Official_Portrait__113th_Congress-7_fixed.jpg
Ron DeSantis
 
1.6
 
4,042 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/ramaswamy24.jpg
Vivek Ramaswamy
 
0.4
 
1,096 0

Total votes: 247,773 • Total pledged delegates: 40


Voting information

See also: Voting in Mississippi

Election information in Mississippi: Nov. 5, 2024, election.

What was the voter registration deadline?

  • In-person: Oct. 7, 2024
  • By mail: Postmarked by Oct. 7, 2024
  • Online: N/A

Was absentee/mail-in voting available to all voters?

No

What was the absentee/mail-in ballot request deadline?

  • In-person: N/A
  • By mail: N/A by N/A
  • Online: N/A

What was the absentee/mail-in ballot return deadline?

  • In-person: Nov. 5, 2024
  • By mail: Postmarked by Nov. 5, 2024

Was early voting available to all voters?

No

What were the early voting start and end dates?

N/A to N/A

Were all voters required to present ID at the polls? If so, was a photo or non-photo ID required?

N/A

When were polls open on Election Day?

7:00 a.m. - 7:00 p.m. (CST)


Race ratings, polling, and prediction markets

Race ratings

The map below displays presidential race ratings in each state. These ratings are generated by averaging the ratings from The Cook Political Report, Inside Elections, and Sabato's Crystal Ball. Each race rating indicates if one party is perceived to have an advantage in the race and, if so, the degree of advantage:

  • Safe and Solid ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge and the race is not competitive.
  • Likely ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge, but an upset is possible.
  • Lean and Tilt ratings indicate that one party has a small edge, but the race is competitive.
  • Toss-up ratings indicate that neither party has an advantage.

Race ratings are informed by a number of factors, including polling, candidate quality, and election result history in the race's district or state.[2][3][4]

Polling

The chart below displays national polling averages for the 2024 presidential election from RealClearPolitics.

Prediction markets

The section below displays national PredictIt share prices and RealClearPolitics prediction market averages for the 2024 presidential election.

What is a prediction market?

Prediction markets allow users to purchase shares relating to the outcome of events using real money. Each event, such as an election, has a number of contracts associated with it, each correlating to a different outcome. For instance, an election contested between four candidates would be represented by eight separate contracts, with each contract correlating to a particular candidate winning or losing the election.

The share price in each individual forecast rises and falls based on market demand. Once the event's outcome is decided, holders of shares that correlate with the correct outcome receive a payout for each share they held.

For example, a user buys 10 shares at 20 cents each in a presidential primary saying Candidate A will win. If Candidate A wins the election, the user earns $10. If the candidate loses, the user earns no money and loses his original $2 investment.

Why do prediction markets matter?

Prediction markets can be used to gain insight into the outcome of elections. Microsoft Research economist David Rothschild argued that they are better suited to the task than polls: "I can create a poll that can mimic everything about a prediction market...except markets have a way of incentivizing you to come back at 2 a.m. and update your answer."[5][6][7]

PredictIt


The chart below shows 2024 presidential general election open share prices over time.[8]


Previous presidential election results and analysis

See also: Presidential voting history by state and Presidential voting trends by state

Mississippi presidential election results (1900-2020)

Scroll to the right in the box below to view more recent presidential election results.

  • 16 Democratic wins
  • 13 Republican wins
  • 2 other wins
Year 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960[9] 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
Winning Party D D D D D D D D D D D D SR[10] D D D R AI[11] R D R R R R R R R R R R R


Below is an analysis of Mississippi's voting record in presidential elections. The state's accuracy is based on the number of times a state has voted for a winning presidential candidate. The majority of statistical data is from the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration and was compiled, here, by Ballotpedia, unless otherwise noted.

Between 1900 and 2020:

  • Mississippi participated in 31 presidential elections.
  • Mississippi voted for the winning presidential candidate 45.2 percent of the time. The average accuracy of voting for winning presidential candidates for all 50 states in this time frame was 71.26 percent.[12]
  • Mississippi voted Democratic 51.6 percent of the time and Republican 41.9 percent of the time.

Recent statewide results

2020

General election


Presidential election in Mississippi, 2020
 
Candidate/Running mate
%
Popular votes
Electoral votes
Image of
Image of
Donald Trump/Mike Pence (R)
 
57.6
 
756,764 6
Image of
Image of
Joe Biden/Kamala D. Harris (D)
 
41.1
 
539,398 0
Image of
Image of
Jo Jorgensen/Spike Cohen (L)
 
0.6
 
8,026 0
Image of
Image of
Ye/Michelle Tidball (Independent)
 
0.3
 
3,657 0
Image of
Image of
Howie Hawkins/Angela Nicole Walker (G)
 
0.1
 
1,498 0
Image of
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Phil Collins/Billy Joe Parker (Independent)
 
0.1
 
1,317 0
Image of
Image of
Don Blankenship/William Mohr (American Constitution Party)
 
0.1
 
1,279 0
Image of
Image of
Brian T. Carroll/Amar Patel (American Solidarity Party)
 
0.1
 
1,161 0
Image of
Image of
Brock Pierce/Karla Ballard (Independent)
 
0.1
 
659 0

Total votes: 1,313,759


Primary election

Mississippi Democratic presidential primary on March 10, 2020
 
Candidate
%
Votes
Pledged delegates
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Official_portrait_of_Vice_President_Joe_Biden.jpg
Joe Biden
 
81.0
 
222,160 34
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Bernie_Sanders.jpg
Bernie Sanders
 
14.8
 
40,657 2
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/400px-Mike_Bloomberg_Headshot.jpg
Michael Bloomberg
 
2.5
 
6,933 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Elizabeth_Warren--Official_113th_Congressional_Portrait--.jpg
Elizabeth Warren
 
0.6
 
1,550 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/TulsiGabbardReplace.jpg
Tulsi Gabbard
 
0.4
 
1,003 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/150px-Pete_buttigieg.jpg
Pete Buttigieg
 
0.2
 
562 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Screen_Shot_2019-02-21_at_3.25.16_PM.png
Andrew Yang
 
0.2
 
450 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Amy_Klobuchar.jpg
Amy Klobuchar
 
0.2
 
440 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Tom_Steyer.jpg
Thomas Steyer
 
0.1
 
378 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Deval_Patrick.jpg
Deval Patrick
 
0.1
 
253 0

Total votes: 274,386 • Total pledged delegates: 36


Mississippi Republican presidential primary on March 10, 2020
 
Candidate
%
Votes
Pledged delegates
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/473px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Donald_Trump.jpg
Donald Trump
 
98.6
 
241,985 40
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Bill_Weld_campaign_portrait.jpg
Bill Weld
 
0.9
 
2,311 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/RoqueDeLaFuente.jpg
Roque De La Fuente
 
0.4
 
1,085 0

Total votes: 245,381 • Total pledged delegates: 40


Recent county-level results

How a state's counties vote in a presidential election and the size of those counties can provide additional insights into election outcomes at other levels of government including statewide and congressional races. Below, four categories are used to describe each county's voting pattern over the 2012, 2016, and 2020 presidential elections: Solid, Trending, Battleground, and New. Click [show] on the table below for examples:


Following the 2020 presidential election, 71.6% of Mississippians lived in one of the state's 51 Solid Republican counties, which voted for the Republican presidential candidate in every election from 2012 to 2020, and 25.0% lived in one of 27 Solid Democratic counties. Overall, Mississippi was Solid Republican, having voted for Mitt Romney (R) in 2012, Donald Trump (R) in 2016, and Donald Trump (R) in 2020. Use the table below to view the total number of each type of county in Mississippi following the 2020 election as well as the overall percentage of the state population located in each county type.

Presidential elections by state decided by 5 percentage points or less

See also: Presidential statewide margins of victory of 5 percentage points or fewer, 1948-2020

The following map shows the number of times, in presidential elections held between 1948 and 2020, that the margin of victory was 5 percentage points or fewer in each state.

  • Wisconsin was the state with the most frequently narrow margins during this time period, appearing on the list in 11 presidential elections.
  • Three states appeared nine times: Florida, Nevada, and Pennsylvania.
  • The state with the narrowest margin of victory was Florida in 2000 at 537 votes or one-hundredth of a percentage point.

Effect of the 2020 census on electoral votes

Every ten years, the United States conducts the census, a complete count of the U.S. population. The data gleaned from the census process is used to determine several things, including legislative district lines, a state's number of U.S. House representatives, and the number of votes a state has in the Electoral College.

The 2024 presidential election was the first presidential election to take place using the electoral vote counts produced by the 2020 census. Six states gained votes in the Electoral College, while seven states lost votes. See the table below for exact figures.

Electoral votes gained and lost after the 2020 census
State Votes gained (new total) State Votes lost (new total)
Texas +2 (40) California -1 (54)
Colorado +1 (10) Illinois -1 (19)
Florida +1 (30) Michigan -1 (15)
Montana +1 (4) New York -1 (28)
North Carolina +1 (16) Ohio -1 (17)
Oregon +1 (8) Pennsylvania -1 (19)
West Virginia -1 (4)


Presidential election endorsements in Mississippi

See also: Presidential election endorsements, 2024

The section below displays current and former party leaders, governors and other state executives, members of Congress, mayors of large cities, and state legislative majority and minority leaders in Mississippi who issued an endorsement in the 2024 presidential election. See something we missed? Email us.

Presidential endorsements by Mississippi elected officials and party leaders, 2024
Name State Party Candidate Date
Cindy Hyde-Smith MS Republican Party Donald Trump April 3, 2023 source
Roger Wicker MS Republican Party Donald Trump December 11, 2023 source
Mike Ezell MS Republican Party Donald Trump December 11, 2023 source
Michael Guest MS Republican Party Donald Trump December 11, 2023 source
Trent Kelly MS Republican Party Donald Trump December 11, 2023 source
Tate Reeves MS Republican Party Donald Trump October 23, 2023 source
Mike Chaney MS Republican Party Donald Trump December 11, 2023 source
Lynn Fitch MS Republican Party Donald Trump December 11, 2023 source
Andy Gipson MS Republican Party Donald Trump December 11, 2023 source
Delbert Hosemann MS Republican Party Donald Trump December 11, 2023 source
David McRae MS Republican Party Donald Trump November 30, 2023 source
Shad White MS Republican Party Donald Trump December 11, 2023 source


Democratic primary

See also: Democratic presidential nomination, 2024
HIGHLIGHTS
  • Joe Biden (D) won the Mississippi Democratic primary on March 12, 2024.
  • Mississippi had an estimated 40 delegates comprised of 35 pledged delegates and 5 superdelegates. Delegate allocation was proportional.
  • The Democratic primary was open, meaning any registered voters were able to vote in the election.
  • The Democratic Party selected Vice President Kamala Harris (D) as its nominee during a virtual roll call vote on August 2, 2024, ahead of the in-person 2024 Democratic National Convention, which took place from August 19-22, 2024, in Chicago, Illinois.[13][14][15][16][17]

    Joe Biden (D) withdrew from the presidential race on July 21, 2024.[18] Biden crossed the majority delegate threshold necessary to win the Democratic nomination on March 12, 2024, which made him the presumptive Democratic nominee.

    Before the national convention, individual state caucuses and primaries were held to allocate convention delegates. To read more about the 2024 primary schedule click here. These delegates, along with superdelegates who come from the party leadership, voted at the virtual roll call to select the nominee.

    Republican primary

    See also: Republican presidential nomination, 2024
    HIGHLIGHTS
  • Donald Trump (R) won the Mississippi Republican primary on March 12, 2024.
  • Mississippi had an estimated 40 delegates. Delegate allocation was a hybrid system.
  • The Republican primary was open, meaning any registered voters were able to vote in the election.
  • The Republican Party selected former President Donald Trump (R) as its 2024 presidential nominee at the 2024 Republican National Convention, which was held from July 15-18, 2024, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

    Before the convention, each state, Washington, D.C., and five U.S. territories held a primary, caucus, or convention to decide how to allocate delegates at the national convention. These nominating events began in January and ended in June. Trump crossed the delegate threshold necessary to win the nomination—1,215—on March 12, 2024.

    Republican presidential candidates participated in five primary debates, with the first being held held in August 2023 and the last in January 2024.[19] Trump did not participate in any of the debates.

    Trump was the sixth U.S. president to run for re-election to non-consecutive terms.[20] Grover Cleveland (D), the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, is the only president who has been elected to non-consecutive terms. Before Trump's 2024 campaign, the most recent former president to run for non-consecutive terms was Theodore Roosevelt (R), who sought re-election in 1912 as a Progressive Party candidate after leaving office in 1909.

    Candidate filing requirements

    See also: Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Mississippi

    The tables below detail filing requirements for presidential candidates in Mississippi in the 2024 election cycle. For additional information on candidate ballot access requirements in Mississippi, click here.

    Presidential primary candidates

    Filing requirements for presidential primary candidates in Mississippi, 2024
    State Party Signatures required Signature formula Filing fee Filing fee formula Filing deadline Source
    Mississippi Qualified political parties 500 Fixed by statute (alternatively, 100 signatures from each congressional district) $2,500.00 Fixed by statute 1/15/2024 Source

    Independent presidential candidates

    Filing requirements for independent candidates in Mississippi, 2024
    State Signatures required Signature formula Filing fee Filing fee formula Filing deadline Source
    Mississippi 1,000 Fixed by statute $2,500.00 Fixed by statute 9/6/2024 Source

    About the state

    Click the tabs below to view information about demographics, past elections, and partisan control of the state.

    • Statewide elections - Information about recent U.S. Senate and gubernatorial elections in the state.
    • State partisanship - The partisan makeup of the state's congressional delegation and state government.
    • Demographics - Information about the state's demographics and how they compare to the country as a whole.


    This section details the results of the five most recent U.S. Senate and gubernatorial elections held in the state.

    U.S. Senate elections

    See also: List of United States Senators from Mississippi

    The table below details the vote in the five most recent U.S. Senate races in Mississippi.

    U.S. Senate election results in Mississippi
    Race Winner Runner up
    2020 54.1%Republican Party 44.1%Democratic Party
    2018 53.6%Republican Party 46.4%Democratic Party
    2018 58.5%Republican Party 39.5%Democratic Party
    2014 59.9%Republican Party 37.9%Democratic Party
    2012 57.2%Republican Party 40.6%Democratic Party
    Average 56.7 41.7

    Gubernatorial elections

    See also: Governor of Mississippi

    The table below details the vote in the five most recent gubernatorial elections in Mississippi.

    Gubernatorial election results in Mississippi
    Race Winner Runner up
    2023 50.9%Republican Party 47.7%Democratic Party
    2019 51.9%Republican Party 46.9%Democratic Party
    2015 66.4%Republican Party 32.4%Democratic Party
    2011 61.0%Republican Party 39.0%Democratic Party
    2007 57.9%Republican Party 42.1%Democratic Party
    Average 58.0 41.2
    See also: Party control of Mississippi state government

    Congressional delegation

    The table below displays the partisan composition of Mississippi's congressional delegation as of May 2024.

    Congressional Partisan Breakdown from Mississippi
    Party U.S. Senate U.S. House Total
    Democratic 0 1 1
    Republican 2 3 5
    Independent 0 0 0
    Vacancies 0 0 0
    Total 2 4 6

    State executive

    The table below displays the officeholders in Mississippi's top four state executive offices as of May 2024.

    State executive officials in Mississippi, April 2024
    Office Officeholder
    Governor Republican Party Tate Reeves
    Lieutenant Governor Republican Party Delbert Hosemann
    Secretary of State Republican Party Michael D. Watson Jr.
    Attorney General Republican Party Lynn Fitch

    State legislature

    Mississippi State Senate

    Party As of February 2024
         Democratic Party 16
         Republican Party 36
         Other 0
         Vacancies 0
    Total 52

    Mississippi House of Representatives

    Party As of February 2024
         Democratic Party 41
         Republican Party 79
         Independent 2
         Other 0
         Vacancies 0
    Total 122

    Trifecta control

    The table below shows the state's trifecta status from 1992 until the 2024 election.

    Mississippi Party Control: 1992-2024
    Four years of Democratic trifectas  •  Thirteen years of Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    Governor R R R R R R R R D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    Senate D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D R[21] D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    House D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R

    The table below details demographic data in Mississippi and compares it to the broader United States as of 2022.

    Demographic Data for Mississippi
    Mississippi United States
    Population 2,961,279 331,449,281
    Land area (sq mi) 46,924 3,531,905
    Race and ethnicity**
    White 56.9% 65.9%
    Black/African American 37.2% 12.5%
    Asian 1% 5.8%
    Native American 0.4% 0.8%
    Pacific Islander 0% 0.2%
    Two or more 2.9% 8.8%
    Hispanic/Latino 3.3% 18.7%
    Education
    High school graduation rate 86.2% 89.1%
    College graduation rate 23.9% 34.3%
    Income
    Median household income $52,985 $75,149
    Persons below poverty level 14.4% 8.8%
    Source: population provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "Decennial Census" (2020). Other figures provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2017-2022).
    **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

    Presidential election by state

    See also: Presidential election by state, 2024

    Click on a state below to navigate to information about the presidential election in that jurisdiction.

    https://ballotpedia.org/Presidential_election_in_STATE,_2024

    See also

    Presidential election by state, 2016-2024
    Use the dropdown menu below to navigate Ballotpedia's historical coverage of the presidential election in each state.
    Additional reading




    Footnotes

    1. Mississippi Secretary of State, "Candidate Petitition, Candidate for Presidential Preference Primary Ballot," accessed June 15, 2023
    2. Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Nathan Gonzalez," April 19, 2018
    3. Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Kyle Kondik," April 19, 2018
    4. Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Charlie Cook," April 22, 2018
    5. Nature, "The power of prediction markets," October 18, 2016
    6. Politico, "Meet the 'stock market' for politics," October 31, 2014
    7. U.S. Presidential General Election Results, "2008 Electoral Map Based on the Intrade Prediction Market," accessed January 25, 2018
    8. PredictIt, "Who will win the 2024 US presidential election?" accessed December 16, 2022
    9. Although he was not on the ballot, Harry F. Byrd (D) won Mississippi's eight unpledged electoral votes in the 1960 election against Richard Nixon (R) and Democratic Party nominee John F. Kennedy.
    10. States' Rights Democratic Party
    11. American Independent Party
    12. This average includes states like Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, which did not participate in all 30 presidential elections between 1900 and 2020. It does not include Washington, D.C., which cast votes for president for the first time in 1964, or Alaska and Hawaii, which cast votes for president for the first time in 1960.
    13. USA Today, "Harris makes history as first Black woman, Asian American presidential nominee," August 2, 2024
    14. ABC News, "DNC to nominate Biden and Harris to bypass Ohio ballot issues," May 28, 2024
    15. The New York Times, "Democrats Set Aug. 1 for Harris Nomination Vote," July 24, 2024
    16. CBS News, "Kamala Harris closer to being nominee as DNC approves early virtual roll call vote," July 24, 2024
    17. DNC, "DNC and DNCC Chairs Announce Results of Presidential Nominating Petition Process and Opening of Virtual Roll Call on August 1," July 30, 2024
    18. X, "Biden on July 21, 2024," accessed July 21, 2024
    19. The Hill, "RNC votes to hold first presidential debate in Milwaukee," February 23, 2023
    20. Pew Research Center, "Few former presidents have run for their old jobs – or anything else – after leaving office,' November 16, 2022
    21. Republicans gained a majority in 2007 when two Democratic state senators switched their party affiliation. Democrats regained the majority as a result of the 2007 elections.