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Presidential election in Iowa, 2024

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Iowa
2024 presidential election
Voting in Iowa

Democratic primary: March 5, 2024
Democratic winner: Joe Biden (D)

Republican caucus: January 15, 2024
Republican winner: Donald Trump (R)

Electoral College: Six votes
2024 winner: Donald Trump (R)
2020 winner: Donald Trump (R)
2016 winner: Donald Trump (R)
2012 winner: Barack Obama (D)

Use the dropdown menu below to read more about the presidential election in each state



Former President Donald Trump (R) won the presidential election in Iowa on November 5, 2024. Trump won the 2024 presidential election with 312 electoral votes to Vice President Kamala Harris' (D) 226.

Donald Trump (R) won the Republican Party caucus on January 15, 2024. Joe Biden (D) won the Democratic mail-in primary that ended on March 5, 2024.

In the last 10 presidential elections, the Democratic candidate won the state in six elections and the Republican candidate won the state four times. Over those 10 elections, Iowa has voted for the eventual winner seven times.[1]

This page includes the following sections:

Candidates and election results

General election


Presidential election in Iowa, 2024
 
Candidate/Running mate
%
Popular votes
Electoral votes
✔
Image of
Image of
Donald Trump/J.D. Vance (R)
 
55.7
 
927,019 6
Image of
Image of
Kamala D. Harris/Tim Walz (D)
 
42.5
 
707,278 0
Image of
Image of
Robert F. Kennedy Jr./Nicole Shanahan (We the People)
 
0.8
 
13,122 0
Image of
Image of
Chase Oliver/Mike ter Maat (L)
 
0.4
 
7,218 0
Image of
Image of
Claudia De La Cruz/Karina Garcia (Party for Socialism and Liberation)
 
0.1
 
1,427 0
Image of
Image of
Shiva Ayyadurai/Crystal Ellis (Independent)
 
0.0
 
424 0
Image of
Image of
William P. Stodden/Stephanie H. Cholensky (Socialist Party)
 
0.0
 
361 0
  Other write-in votes
 
0.4
 
6,657 0

There were no incumbents in this race The results have been certified.

Total votes: 1,663,506


Primary election

Iowa Democratic presidential primary on March 5, 2024
 
Candidate
%
Votes
Pledged delegates
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Official_portrait_of_Vice_President_Joe_Biden.jpg
Joe Biden
 
90.4
 
12,337 40
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/DEAN_PHILLIPS_RESIZE.jpg
Dean Phillips
 
2.9
 
394 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/3HaJVw3AYyXBdF9iSRPp977CBFrGCMDhc1w2rHKAC1yEKppTQoGMxtNCjAfntRbE3vPfKMrXcV5x6tsZ7rfuCzeUq2zG7qQsmao4URt.jpeg
Marianne Williamson
 
2.2
 
307 0
  Other
 
4.5
 
614 0

 Source

Total votes: 13,652 • Total pledged delegates: 40


Iowa Republican presidential caucus on January 15, 2024
 
Candidate
%
Votes
Pledged delegates
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/473px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Donald_Trump.jpg
Donald Trump
 
51.0
 
56,243 20
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Ron_DeSantis__Official_Portrait__113th_Congress-7_fixed.jpg
Ron DeSantis
 
21.3
 
23,491 9
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Nikki_Haley_official_Transition_portrait.jpg
Nikki Haley
 
19.1
 
21,027 8
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/ramaswamy24.jpg
Vivek Ramaswamy
 
7.6
 
8,430 3
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/RyanBinkleySquare.jpg
Ryan Binkley
 
0.7
 
768 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/AsaHutchinson2015.jpg
Asa Hutchinson
 
0.2
 
188 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Chris_Christie2015.jpg
Chris Christie
 
0.0
 
35 0
  Other
 
0.1
 
90 0

 Source

Total votes: 110,272 • Total pledged delegates: 40


Iowa Libertarian Party Caucus Straw Poll

See also: Libertarian Party presidential nomination, 2024

The Iowa Libertarian Party held a non-binding straw poll on January 15.


Race ratings, polling, and prediction markets

Race ratings

The map below displays presidential race ratings in each state. These ratings are generated by averaging the ratings from The Cook Political Report, Inside Elections, and Sabato's Crystal Ball. Each race rating indicates if one party is perceived to have an advantage in the race and, if so, the degree of advantage:

  • Safe and Solid ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge and the race is not competitive.
  • Likely ratings indicate that one party has a clear edge, but an upset is possible.
  • Lean and Tilt ratings indicate that one party has a small edge, but the race is competitive.
  • Toss-up ratings indicate that neither party has an advantage.

Race ratings are informed by a number of factors, including polling, candidate quality, and election result history in the race's district or state.[2][3][4]

Polling

The chart below displays national polling averages for the 2024 presidential election from RealClearPolitics.

Prediction markets

The section below displays national PredictIt share prices and RealClearPolitics prediction market averages for the 2024 presidential election.

What is a prediction market?

Prediction markets allow users to purchase shares relating to the outcome of events using real money. Each event, such as an election, has a number of contracts associated with it, each correlating to a different outcome. For instance, an election contested between four candidates would be represented by eight separate contracts, with each contract correlating to a particular candidate winning or losing the election.

The share price in each individual forecast rises and falls based on market demand. Once the event's outcome is decided, holders of shares that correlate with the correct outcome receive a payout for each share they held.

For example, a user buys 10 shares at 20 cents each in a presidential primary saying Candidate A will win. If Candidate A wins the election, the user earns $10. If the candidate loses, the user earns no money and loses his original $2 investment.

Why do prediction markets matter?

Prediction markets can be used to gain insight into the outcome of elections. Microsoft Research economist David Rothschild argued that they are better suited to the task than polls: "I can create a poll that can mimic everything about a prediction market...except markets have a way of incentivizing you to come back at 2 a.m. and update your answer."[5][6][7]

PredictIt


The chart below shows 2024 presidential general election open share prices over time.[8]


Previous presidential election results and analysis

See also: Presidential voting history by state and Presidential voting trends by state

Iowa presidential election results (1900-2020)

Scroll to the right in the box below to view more recent presidential election results.

  • 11 Democratic wins
  • 20 Republican wins
Year 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020
Winning Party R R R D R R R R D D R R D R R R D R R R R R D D D D R D D R R


Below is an analysis of Iowa's voting record in presidential elections. The state's accuracy is based on the number of times a state has voted for a winning presidential candidate. The majority of statistical data is from the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration and was compiled, here, by Ballotpedia, unless otherwise noted.

Between 1900 and 2020:

  • Iowa participated in 31 presidential elections.
  • Iowa voted for the winning presidential candidate 74.2 percent of the time. The average accuracy of voting for winning presidential candidates for all 50 states in this time frame was 71.26 percent.[9]
  • Iowa voted Democratic 35.5 percent of the time and Republican 64.5 percent of the time.

Recent statewide results

2020

General election


Presidential election in Iowa, 2020
 
Candidate/Running mate
%
Popular votes
Electoral votes
✔
Image of
Image of
Donald Trump/Mike Pence (R)
 
53.1
 
897,672 6
Image of
Image of
Joe Biden/Kamala D. Harris (D)
 
44.9
 
759,061 0
Image of
Image of
Jo Jorgensen/Spike Cohen (L)
 
1.2
 
19,637 0
Image of
Image of
Ye/Michelle Tidball (Unaffiliated)
 
0.2
 
3,210 0
Image of
Image of
Howie Hawkins/Angela Nicole Walker (G)
 
0.2
 
3,075 0
Image of
Image of
Don Blankenship/William Mohr (Constitution Party)
 
0.1
 
1,707 0
Image of
Image of
Roque De La Fuente/Darcy Richardson (Alliance Party)
 
0.1
 
1,082 0
Image of
Silhouette Placeholder Image.png
Ricki Sue King/Dayna Chandler (Genealogy Know Your Family History Party)
 
0.0
 
546 0
Image of
Image of
Brock Pierce/Karla Ballard (Unaffiliated)
 
0.0
 
544 0
  Other write-in votes
 
0.3
 
4,337 0

Incumbents are bolded and underlined The results have been certified.

Total votes: 1,690,871


Primary election

Iowa Democratic presidential caucus on February 3, 2020
 
Candidate
%
Votes
Pledged delegates
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Bernie_Sanders.jpg
Bernie Sanders
 
26.5
 
45,652 12
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/150px-Pete_buttigieg.jpg
Pete Buttigieg
 
25.1
 
43,209 14
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Elizabeth_Warren--Official_113th_Congressional_Portrait--.jpg
Elizabeth Warren
 
20.3
 
34,909 8
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Official_portrait_of_Vice_President_Joe_Biden.jpg
Joe Biden
 
13.7
 
23,605 6
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Amy_Klobuchar.jpg
Amy Klobuchar
 
12.2
 
21,100 1
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Screen_Shot_2019-02-21_at_3.25.16_PM.png
Andrew Yang
 
1.0
 
1,758 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Tom_Steyer.jpg
Thomas Steyer
 
0.2
 
413 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/400px-Mike_Bloomberg_Headshot.jpg
Michael Bloomberg
 
0.0
 
16 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/TulsiGabbardReplace.jpg
Tulsi Gabbard
 
0.0
 
16 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Michael_Bennet.jpg
Michael Bennet
 
0.0
 
4 0
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Deval_Patrick.jpg
Deval Patrick
 
0.0
 
0 0
  Other
 
1.0
 
1,656 0

 Source

Total votes: 172,338 • Total pledged delegates: 41


Iowa Republican presidential caucus on February 3, 2020
 
Candidate
%
Votes
Pledged delegates
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/473px-Official_Portrait_of_President_Donald_Trump.jpg
Donald Trump
 
97.1
 
31,464 39
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Bill_Weld_campaign_portrait.jpg
Bill Weld
 
1.3
 
426 1
Image of https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api4/files/thumbs/100/100/Joe_Walsh.jpg
Joe Walsh
 
1.1
 
348 0
  Other
 
0.5
 
151 0

 Source

Total votes: 32,389 • Total pledged delegates: 40


Recent county-level results

How a state's counties vote in a presidential election and the size of those counties can provide additional insights into election outcomes at other levels of government including statewide and congressional races. Below, four categories are used to describe each county's voting pattern over the 2012, 2016, and 2020 presidential elections: Solid, Trending, Battleground, and New. Click [show] on the table below for examples:


Following the 2020 presidential election, 40.1% of Iowans lived in one of the state's six Solid Democratic counties, which voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in every election from 2012 to 2020, and 31.6% lived in one of 61 Solid Republican counties. Overall, Iowa was Trending Republican, having voted for Barack Obama (D) in 2012, Donald Trump (R) in 2016, and Donald Trump (R) in 2020. Use the table below to view the total number of each type of county in Iowa following the 2020 election as well as the overall percentage of the state population located in each county type.

Presidential elections by state decided by 5 percentage points or less

See also: Presidential statewide margins of victory of 5 percentage points or fewer, 1948-2020

The following map shows the number of times, in presidential elections held between 1948 and 2020, that the margin of victory was 5 percentage points or fewer in each state.

  • Wisconsin was the state with the most frequently narrow margins during this time period, appearing on the list in 11 presidential elections.
  • Three states appeared nine times: Florida, Nevada, and Pennsylvania.
  • The state with the narrowest margin of victory was Florida in 2000 at 537 votes or one-hundredth of a percentage point.

Effect of the 2020 census on electoral votes

Every ten years, the United States conducts the census, a complete count of the U.S. population. The data gleaned from the census process is used to determine several things, including legislative district lines, a state's number of U.S. House representatives, and the number of votes a state has in the Electoral College.

The 2024 presidential election was the first presidential election to take place using the electoral vote counts produced by the 2020 census. Six states gained votes in the Electoral College, while seven states lost votes. See the table below for exact figures.

Electoral votes gained and lost after the 2020 census
State Votes gained (new total) State Votes lost (new total)
Texas +2 (40) California -1 (54)
Colorado +1 (10) Illinois -1 (19)
Florida +1 (30) Michigan -1 (15)
Montana +1 (4) New York -1 (28)
North Carolina +1 (16) Ohio -1 (17)
Oregon +1 (8) Pennsylvania -1 (19)
West Virginia -1 (4)


Presidential election endorsements in Iowa

See also: Presidential election endorsements, 2024

The section below displays current and former party leaders, governors and other state executives, members of Congress, mayors of large cities, and state legislative majority and minority leaders in Iowa who issued an endorsement in the 2024 presidential election. See something we missed? Email us.

Presidential endorsements by Iowa elected officials and party leaders, 2024
Name State Party Candidate Date
Joni Ernst IA Republican Party Donald Trump March 7, 2024 source
Chuck Grassley IA Republican Party Donald Trump May 28, 2024 source
Randy Feenstra IA Republican Party Donald Trump May 30, 2024 source
Ashley Hinson IA Republican Party Donald Trump January 22, 2024 source
Mariannette Miller-Meeks IA Republican Party Donald Trump September 7, 2024 source
Zach Nunn IA Republican Party Donald Trump September 7, 2024 source
Kim Reynolds IA Republican Party Donald Trump March 6, 2024 source
Kim Reynolds IA Republican Party Ron DeSantis November 6, 2023 source
Amy Sinclair IA Republican Party Ron DeSantis May 11, 2023 source
Brenna Bird IA Republican Party Donald Trump October 16, 2023 source
Roby Smith IA Republican Party Vivek Ramaswamy August 21, 2023 source


Democratic primary

See also: Democratic presidential nomination, 2024
HIGHLIGHTS
  • Joe Biden (D) won the Iowa mail-in Democratic presidential primary that ended on March 5, 2024.
  • Iowa had an estimated 46 delegates comprised of 40 pledged delegates and 6 superdelegates. Delegate allocation was proportional.
  • The Democratic caucus was closed, meaning only registered Democrats were able to participate.

    • The Democratic Party selected Vice President Kamala Harris (D) as its nominee during a virtual roll call vote on August 2, 2024, ahead of the in-person 2024 Democratic National Convention, which took place from August 19-22, 2024, in Chicago, Illinois.[10][11][12][13][14]

    Joe Biden (D) withdrew from the presidential race on July 21, 2024.[15] Biden crossed the majority delegate threshold necessary to win the Democratic nomination on March 12, 2024, which made him the presumptive Democratic nominee.

    Before the national convention, individual state caucuses and primaries were held to allocate convention delegates. To read more about the 2024 primary schedule click here. These delegates, along with superdelegates who come from the party leadership, voted at the virtual roll call to select the nominee.

    Republican caucus

    See also: Republican presidential nomination, 2024
    HIGHLIGHTS
  • Donald Trump (R) won Iowa's Republican primary caucus on January 15, 2024.
  • Iowa had an estimated 40 delegates. Delegate allocation was proportional.
  • The Republican caucus was closed, meaning only registered Republicans were able to participate.

    • The Republican Party selected former President Donald Trump (R) as its 2024 presidential nominee at the 2024 Republican National Convention, which was held from July 15-18, 2024, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

    Before the convention, each state, Washington, D.C., and five U.S. territories held a primary, caucus, or convention to decide how to allocate delegates at the national convention. These nominating events began in January and ended in June. Trump crossed the delegate threshold necessary to win the nomination—1,215—on March 12, 2024.

    Republican presidential candidates participated in five primary debates, with the first being held held in August 2023 and the last in January 2024.[16] Trump did not participate in any of the debates.

    Trump was the sixth U.S. president to run for re-election to non-consecutive terms.[17] Grover Cleveland (D), the 22nd and 24th president of the United States, is the only president who has been elected to non-consecutive terms. Before Trump's 2024 campaign, the most recent former president to run for non-consecutive terms was Theodore Roosevelt (R), who sought re-election in 1912 as a Progressive Party candidate after leaving office in 1909.

    Candidate filing requirements

    See also: Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Iowa

    This section will be updated as information becomes available. The tables below detail filing requirements for presidential candidates in Iowa in the 2024 election cycle. For additional information on candidate ballot access requirements in Iowa, click here.

    Presidential primary candidates

    Note that political parties in Iowa conduct caucuses instead of presidential preference primaries. As such, no filing requirements apply for partisan candidates.

    Independent presidential candidates

    Filing requirements for independent candidates in Iowa, 2024
    State Signatures required Signature formula Filing fee Filing fee formula Filing deadline Source
    Iowa 3,500 Fixed by statute N/A N/A 8/16/2024 Source

    About the state

    Click the tabs below to view information about demographics, past elections, and partisan control of the state.

    • Statewide elections - Information about recent U.S. Senate and gubernatorial elections in the state.
    • State partisanship - The partisan makeup of the state's congressional delegation and state government.
    • Demographics - Information about the state's demographics and how they compare to the country as a whole.


    This section details the results of the five most recent U.S. Senate and gubernatorial elections held in the state.

    U.S. Senate elections

    See also: List of United States Senators from Iowa

    The table below details the vote in the five most recent U.S. Senate races in Iowa.

    U.S. Senate election results in Iowa
    Race Winner Runner up
    2022 56.0%Republican Party 43.8%Democratic Party
    2020 51.8%Republican Party 45.2%Democratic Party
    2016 60.1%Republican Party 35.7%Democratic Party
    2014 52.1%Republican Party 43.8%Republican Party
    2010 64.5%Republican Party 33.2%Democratic Party
    Average 58.2 39.0

    Gubernatorial elections

    See also: Governor of Iowa

    The table below details the vote in the five most recent gubernatorial elections in Iowa.

    Gubernatorial election results in Iowa
    Race Winner Runner up
    2022 58.0%Republican Party 39.5%Democratic Party
    2018 50.3%Republican Party 47.5%Democratic Party
    2014 59.0%Republican Party 37.3%Democratic Party
    2010 52.8%Republican Party 43.2%Republican Party
    2006 54.0%Democratic Party 44.4%Republican Party
    Average 53.8 43.4
    See also: Party control of Iowa state government

    Congressional delegation

    The table below displays the partisan composition of Iowa's congressional delegation as of May 2024.

    Congressional Partisan Breakdown from Iowa
    Party U.S. Senate U.S. House Total
    Democratic 0 0 0
    Republican 2 4 6
    Independent 0 0 0
    Vacancies 0 0 0
    Total 2 4 6

    State executive

    The table below displays the officeholders in Iowa's top four state executive offices as of May 2024.

    State executive officials in Iowa, May 2024
    Office Officeholder
    Governor Republican Party Kim Reynolds
    Lieutenant Governor Republican Party Adam Gregg
    Secretary of State Republican Party Paul Pate
    Attorney General Republican Party Brenna Bird

    State legislature

    Iowa State Senate

    Party As of February 2024
         Democratic Party 16
         Republican Party 34
         Other 0
         Vacancies 0
    Total 50

    Iowa House of Representatives

    Party As of February 2024
         Democratic Party 36
         Republican Party 64
         Other 0
         Vacancies 0
    Total 100

    Trifecta control

    The table below shows the state's trifecta status from 1992 until the 2024 election.

    Iowa Party Control: 1992-2024
    Four years of Democratic trifectas  •  Ten years of Republican trifectas
    Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.

    Year 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
    Governor R R R R R R R D D D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R
    Senate D D D D D R R R R R R R R S S D D D D D D D D D D R R R R R R R R
    House D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R D D D D R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

    The table below details demographic data in Iowa and compares it to the broader United States as of 2022.

    Demographic Data for Iowa
    Iowa United States
    Population 3,190,369 331,449,281
    Land area (sq mi) 55,852 3,531,905
    Race and ethnicity**
    White 86.9% 65.9%
    Black/African American 3.8% 12.5%
    Asian 2.5% 5.8%
    Native American 0.3% 0.8%
    Pacific Islander 0.1% 0.2%
    Other (single race) 1.7% 6%
    Multiple 4.7% 8.8%
    Hispanic/Latino 6.5% 18.7%
    Education
    High school graduation rate 93% 89.1%
    College graduation rate 30.3% 34.3%
    Income
    Median household income $70,571 $75,149
    Persons below poverty level 7% 8.8%
    Source: population provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "Decennial Census" (2020). Other figures provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2017-2022).
    **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

    Presidential election by state

    See also: Presidential election by state, 2024

    Click on a state below to navigate to information about the presidential election in that jurisdiction.

    https://ballotpedia.org/Presidential_election_in_STATE,_2024

    See also

    Presidential election by state, 2016-2024
    Use the dropdown menu below to navigate Ballotpedia's historical coverage of the presidential election in each state.
    Additional reading




    Footnotes

    1. ↑ 270 to Win, "Iowa," accessed February 14, 2023
    2. ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Nathan Gonzalez," April 19, 2018
    3. ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Kyle Kondik," April 19, 2018
    4. ↑ Amee LaTour, "Email correspondence with Charlie Cook," April 22, 2018
    5. ↑ Nature, "The power of prediction markets," October 18, 2016
    6. ↑ Politico, "Meet the 'stock market' for politics," October 31, 2014
    7. ↑ U.S. Presidential General Election Results, "2008 Electoral Map Based on the Intrade Prediction Market," accessed January 25, 2018
    8. ↑ PredictIt, "Who will win the 2024 US presidential election?" accessed December 16, 2022
    9. ↑ This average includes states like Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, which did not participate in all 30 presidential elections between 1900 and 2020. It does not include Washington, D.C., which cast votes for president for the first time in 1964, or Alaska and Hawaii, which cast votes for president for the first time in 1960.
    10. ↑ USA Today, "Harris makes history as first Black woman, Asian American presidential nominee," August 2, 2024
    11. ↑ ABC News, "DNC to nominate Biden and Harris to bypass Ohio ballot issues," May 28, 2024
    12. ↑ The New York Times, "Democrats Set Aug. 1 for Harris Nomination Vote," July 24, 2024
    13. ↑ CBS News, "Kamala Harris closer to being nominee as DNC approves early virtual roll call vote," July 24, 2024
    14. ↑ DNC, "DNC and DNCC Chairs Announce Results of Presidential Nominating Petition Process and Opening of Virtual Roll Call on August 1," July 30, 2024
    15. ↑ X, "Biden on July 21, 2024," accessed July 21, 2024
    16. ↑ The Hill, "RNC votes to hold first presidential debate in Milwaukee," February 23, 2023
    17. ↑ Pew Research Center, "Few former presidents have run for their old jobs – or anything else – after leaving office,' November 16, 2022
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