Presidential election in Wisconsin, 2016

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General election in Wisconsin
  Date: November 8, 2016
2016 winner: Donald Trump
Electoral votes: 10
2012 winner: Barack Obama (D)
Democratic Primary
  Date: April 5, 2016
Winner: Bernie Sanders
Republican Primary
  Date: April 5, 2016
Winner: Ted Cruz
Down ballot races in Wisconsin
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U.S. House
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Wisconsin held an election for the president of the United States on November 8, 2016. Democratic and Republican primaries took place in Wisconsin on April 5, 2016. Wisconsin was considered a key battleground state in the 2016 general election.

HIGHLIGHTS
  • Donald Trump won Wisconsin in the general election.
  • In 2016, Wisconsin had 10 electoral votes, which was 1.8 percent of the 538 electoral votes up for grabs and 3.7 percent of the 270 electoral votes needed to win the general election.
  • Between 1900 and 2016, Wisconsin cast votes for the winning presidential candidate 76.67 percent of the time. In that same time frame, Wisconsin supported Republicans only slightly more than Democratic candidates, 50 to 46.67 percent. The state, however, favored Democrats in every presidential election between 2000 and 2012, but not in 2016.
  • Presidential primary elections in Wisconsin took place on April 5, 2016. Bernie Sanders won the Democratic primary with 56.6 percent of the vote. Ted Cruz won the Republican primary with 48.2 percent.

    • General election candidates and results

    See also: Ballot access for presidential candidates

    The candidate list below is based on an official list on the Wisconsin state elections website. The candidate names below appear in the order in which they were listed on the official list—not necessarily the order in which they appeared on the ballot in November. Write-in candidates were not included in the list below.

    Presidential candidates on the ballot in Wisconsin

    ☑ Donald Trump/Mike Pence (Republican)
    ☐ Hillary Clinton/Tim Kaine (Democratic)
    ☐ Darrell Lane Castle/Scott Bradley (Constitution)
    ☐ Gary Johnson/Bill Weld (Libertarian)
    ☐ Jill Stein/Ajamu Baraka (Green)
    ☐ Monica Moorehead/Lamont Lilly (Workers World)
    ☐ Rocky De La Fuente/Michael Steinberg (American Delta)

    Results

    U.S. presidential election, Wisconsin, 2016
    Party Candidate Vote % Votes Electoral votes
         Democratic Hillary Clinton/Tim Kaine 46.5% 1,382,536 0
         Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDonald Trump/Mike Pence 47.2% 1,405,284 10
         Libertarian Gary Johnson/Bill Weld 3.6% 106,674 0
         Green Jill Stein/Ajamu Baraka 1% 31,072 0
         Constitution Darrell Lane Castle/Scott Bradley 0.4% 12,162 0
         Workers Party Monica Moorehead/Lamont Lilly 0.1% 1,770 0
         American Delta Rocky De La Fuente/Michael Steinberg 0.1% 1,502 0
         - Write-in votes 1.2% 35,150 0
    Total Votes 2,976,150 10
    Election results via: Wisconsin Elections Commission

    Note: The vote totals above are from the recount.

    Recount

    Green Party nominee Jill Stein filed requests for recounts in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania in late November 2016. Read more about the recount efforts below.

    Wisconsin

    On November 25, 2016, the Wisconsin state election board accepted a request from Stein for a statewide recount, though the Wisconsin Elections Commission rejected her request for a recount by hand.[1] Stein told CNN that "this was a hacked election," adding in a statement, "These concerns need to be investigated before the 2016 presidential election is certified."[2][3]

    Wisconsin concluded its recount on December 12, 2016, and found that Trump defeated Clinton by more than 22,000 votes.[4]

    Michigan

    Stein filed an official request for a recount in Michigan on November 30, 2016, which was the deadline in Michigan for requesting a recount. In a statement, Stein said, "The people of Michigan and all Americans deserve a voting system we can trust. After a presidential election tarnished by the use of outdated and unreliable machines and accusations of irregularities, people of all political persuasions are asking if our election results are reliable. We need to verify the vote in this and every election so that Americans can be sure we have a fair, secure and accurate voting system." The chair of the Michigan state GOP, Ronna Romney McDaniel, responded to news of the recount critically, saying, "The filing by Jill Stein is a reckless attempt to undermine the will of Michigan voters. Jill Stein made her 1% temper tantrum official and will waste millions of Michigan taxpayers’ dollars, and has acknowledged that the recount will not change anything regarding the Presidential election."[5]

    US District Judge Mark Goldsmith ordered the Michigan Board of Elections to stop the recount on December 8, 2016. Goldsmith stated that Stein had "not presented evidence of tampering or mistake" but had instead presented "speculative claims going to the vulnerability of the voting machinery." He added, "A recount as an audit of the election has never been endorsed by any court." On Twitter, Stein responded by saying, "It's disheartening a judge gave in to Donald Trump and Michigan Republicans, and lifted his emergency order that had kicked off #RecountMI."[6]

    Pennsylvania

    Stein filed a petition for a recount in Pennsylvania on November 28, 2016.[7] On December 12, 2016, U.S. District Judge Paul Diamond halted the recount in Pennsylvania, saying, "there is no credible evidence that any 'hack' occurred, and compelling evidence that Pennsylvania's voting system was not in any way compromised."[4]

    Clinton campaign reaction

    On November 26, 2016, Hillary Clinton's campaign announced its intentions to participate in the recount process. Marc Elias, the Clinton campaign's general counsel, said in a statement, "Because we had not uncovered any actionable evidence of hacking or outside attempts to alter the voting technology, we had not planned to exercise this option ourselves, but now that a recount has been initiated in Wisconsin, we intend to participate in order to ensure the process proceeds in a manner that is fair to all sides. If Jill Stein follows through as she has promised and pursues recounts in Pennsylvania and Michigan, we will take the same approach in those states as well."[8]

    On November 22, 2016, it was reported that a group of computer scientists and election lawyers were encouraging Clinton to request a recount in Wisconsin, Michigan, and Pennsylvania on the grounds that the results in those states "may have been manipulated or hacked."[9]

    Trump campaign reaction

    Donald Trump criticized the recount effort. On Twitter, he said, "Hillary Clinton conceded the election when she called me just prior to the victory speech and after the results were in. Nothing will change." In an official statement, he added, "This is a scam by the Green Party for an election that has already been conceded, and the results of this election should be respected instead of being challenged and abused, which is exactly what Jill Stein is doing."[10]

    Pivot Counties

    See also: Pivot Counties: The counties that voted Obama-Obama-Trump from 2008-2016

    Ballotpedia identified 206 counties that voted for Donald Trump (R) in 2016 after voting for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012, in 34 states.[11] Collectively, Trump won these Pivot Counties by more than 580,000 votes, and had an average margin of victory of 11.45 percent. The political shift in these counties could have a broad impact on elections at every level of government for the next four years.

    Historical election trends

    See also: Presidential election accuracy

    Below is an analysis of Wisconsin's voting record in presidential elections. The state's accuracy is based on the number of times a state has voted for a winning presidential candidate. The majority of statistical data is from the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration and was compiled, here, by Ballotpedia, unless otherwise noted.

    Presidential election voting record in Wisconsin, 1900-2016

    Between 1900 and 2016:

    • Wisconsin participated in 30 presidential elections.
    • Wisconsin voted for the winning presidential candidate 76.67 percent of the time. The average accuracy of voting for winning presidential candidates for all 50 states in this time frame was 72.31 percent.[12]
    • Wisconsin voted Democratic 46.67 percent of the time and Republican 50 percent of the time.

    Third-party candidate races

    In 1924, Calvin Coolidge ran as a Republican, John W. Davis ran as a Democrat, and Robert M. La Follette Sr. ran as a Progressive; La Follette only won Wisconsin, his home state.[13]

    Presidential election voting record in Wisconsin, 2000-2016

    *An asterisk indicates that that candidate also won the national electoral vote in that election.

    Election results

    2012

    Other candidates that appeared on the ballot received less than 0.1% of the vote. Those candidates included: Jerry White, Peta Lindsay, Ross Anderson, and Roseanne Barr.[15]

    2008

    Other candidates that appeared on the ballot received less than 0.1% of the vote. Those candidates included: Jeffrey Wamboldt, Brian Moore, and Gloria LaRiva.[16]

    Polling

    Ballotpedia's battleground state polling averages were based on polls that came out over a 20- to 30-day period. For example, an average might have covered all polls that were released for a state between September 1, 2016, and September 30, 2016. They were not weighted. Polling averages were checked and updated daily.

    Electoral votes

    See also: Electoral College

    The president of the United States is not elected by popular vote but rather by electors in the Electoral College. In fact, when Americans vote for president, they are actually voting for a slate of electors selected by members of Democratic and Republican state parties or nominated in some other fashion. Under this system, which is laid out in Article 2, Section 1, of the Constitution, each state is allocated one electoral vote for every member of their congressional delegation, meaning one for each member of the U.S. House and one for each of their two Senators.

    Wisconsin electors

    In 2016, Wisconsin had 10 electoral votes. Wisconsin's share of electoral votes represented 1.8 percent of the 538 electoral votes up for grabs in the general election and 3.7 percent of the 270 votes needed to be elected president. Democratic and Republicans electors in Wisconsin were selected by candidates of each party for the state legislature (Wis. St. 8.18).

    "Faithless electors"

    The U.S. Constitution does not dictate how presidential electors are to cast their votes, but, in general, electors are expected to vote for the winner of the popular vote in their state or the candidates of the party that nominated them to serve as electors. Electors who choose not to vote for the winner of the popular vote or the candidates of the party that nominated them are known as "faithless electors." Faithless electors are rare. Between 1900 and 2012, there were only eight known instances of faithless electors.

    Several states have passed laws against faithless electors and require electors to vote for the winner of the popular vote in their state, for the candidate of the party that nominated them to serve as electors, or in accordance with any pledge they may have been required to make at the time of their nomination. In states with these types of laws, faithless electors can be fined or replaced, or their votes can be nullified.[17][18]

    Wisconsin was one of 31 states in 2016—including the District of Columbia—with a law seeking to bind the votes of presidential electors.

    State campaign staff

    Prior to the November 8, 2016, election, each campaign put in place paid staff, volunteers, and political operatives in each state in efforts to gain votes and influence voter turnout on election day. The following details some of the key staff for each campaign in Wisconsin.

    Hillary Clinton

    For Hillary Clinton's campaign, state operations nationwide were overseen by Marlon Marshall, the campaign's director of state campaigns and political engagement. The key staff in Wisconsin consisted of:

    Hillary for America 2016 Logo.png

    Jake Hajdu, State director: Hajdu left his position as the executive director of the Democratic Party of Wisconsin to join Clinton's campaign in September 2015. He began as a partnership director in Iowa and then directed the primary campaigns in Maine and Wisconsin. He was named the general election director for Wisconsin in May 2016.[19]
    Gillian Drummond, State communications director: Drummond has worked for Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett (D) in his 2010 gubernatorial campaign and his campaign for governor during the recall election in 2010. Drummond also helped Barrett in his re-election as Milwaukee's mayor in 2016. She was the Wisconsin press secretary for Barack Obama's (D) re-election in 2012.[19][20]

    Donald Trump

    For Donald Trump's campaign, state operations nationwide were overseen by Michael Biundo, the campaign's senior political advisor. The key staff in Wisconsin consisted of:

    Trump-Pence 2016.svg

    Pete Meachum, State director: Meachum was hired on June 30, 2016, after spending three years as the chief of staff to U.S. Rep. Sean Duffy (R-Wis.). The Trump campaign officially announced Meachum's hiring on July 18, 2016.[21]
    Vince Trovato, Staff member: Trovato began working for Trump during the primary campaign and was announced as state director in June 2015. Later that month, the Trump campaign hired Meachum for that role and shifted Trovato to "focus his work on the state’s delegates to the Republican National Convention."[22]


    Down ballot races

    See also: Wisconsin elections, 2016

    Below is a list of down ballot races in Wisconsin covered by Ballotpedia in 2016.

    Primary election

    Quick facts

    Democrats: Republicans
    • 2016 Republican winner: Ted Cruz
    • Poll leader: Ted Cruz
    • 2012 Republican winner: Mitt Romney
    • Type: Open Primary
    • Delegate allocation: Winner take all
    • Pledged delegates at stake: 42

    Democrats

    Bernie Sanders won the Wisconsin Democratic primary election, defeating rival Hillary Clinton by 13 percentage points. Sanders’ victory in Wisconsin followed a string of wins in Washington, Hawaii, Alaska, Utah, and Idaho in March. According to exit poll data, Sanders outperformed Clinton with several major demographics in Wisconsin, including men, younger voters, white voters, and voters of all income levels. Voters aged 18 to 44, who made up almost half of the Democratic electorate, backed Sanders over Clinton 73 to 26 percent. Sanders also outperformed Clinton with Wisconsin voters who hold negative views of international trade agreements, such as the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Clinton won over women 50 to 49 percent. Sanders carried Wisconsin’s second largest county, Dane, by more than 20 points but lost the state’s largest county, Milwaukee, by almost four points.[23]

    For the Democrats, 86 pledged delegates were at stake in Wisconsin. They were allocated proportionally. Four polls conducted in late March and early April showed Sanders leading Clinton by up to six points. Another poll from late March, however, showed Clinton leading Sanders by six points. In 2008, Clinton lost Wisconsin to Barack Obama, 41 to 58 percent. For more on Sanders' win, see How Sanders won Wisconsin.

    Republicans

    Ted Cruz won the Wisconsin Republican primary election with 48 percent of the vote. Republican frontrunner Donald Trump came in second with 35 percent, followed by John Kasich in third with 14 percent. Exit poll data shows that Cruz outperformed his rivals with nearly every major voting group in the state, including men, women, all age groups, voters of all educational background and income levels, and evangelical Christians. Cruz also outperformed Trump with voters who identified as “conservative,” while “moderate” voters backed Trump. “Conservative” voters made up 74 percent of the electorate, according to exit polls. Cruz carried all three of the state’s largest counties: Milwaukee, Dane, and Waukesha. In Pierce County, just outside of Minneapolis, Minnesota, Cruz and Trump tied with 2,822 votes each.[23]

    For the Republicans, 42 pledged delegates were up for grabs. At-large delegates and congressional delegates in each congressional district were allocated on a winner-take-all basis.

    Polling from late March and early April showed Cruz leading Trump in Wisconsin by up to ten points, while one poll showed Trump up by four points. Wisconsin’s Republican governor, Scott Walker, endorsed Cruz. For more on Cruz's win, see How Cruz won Wisconsin.

    To learn more about delegate allocation rules for both parties in Wisconsin, click here. For polling information, click here.

    2016 primary results

    Democrats

    Wisconsin Democratic Primary, 2016
    Candidate Vote % Votes Delegates
    Green check mark transparent.pngBernie Sanders 56.6% 567,936 48
    Hillary Clinton 43.1% 432,767 38
    Martin O'Malley 0.2% 1,765 0
    Other 0.1% 1,436 0
    Totals 1,003,904 86
    Source: The New York Times and Wisconsin Vote

    Republicans

    Wisconsin Republican Primary, 2016
    Candidate Vote % Votes Delegates
    Green check mark transparent.pngTed Cruz 48.2% 531,129 36
    Donald Trump 35.1% 386,290 6
    John Kasich 14.1% 155,200 0
    Jeb Bush 0.3% 3,156 0
    Ben Carson 0.5% 5,608 0
    Chris Christie 0.1% 1,310 0
    Carly Fiorina 0.1% 825 0
    Jim Gilmore 0% 242 0
    Mike Huckabee 0.1% 1,428 0
    Rand Paul 0.2% 2,491 0
    Marco Rubio 1% 10,569 0
    Rick Santorum 0% 510 0
    Other 0.2% 2,288 0
    Totals 1,101,046 42
    Source: The New York Times and Wisconsin Vote

    Primary candidates

    Democrats[24]

    Hillary Clinton


    Martin O'Malley


    Bernie Sanders

    Republicans[24]

    Jeb Bush
    Ben Carson
    Chris Christie
    Ted Cruz


    Carly Fiorina
    Jim Gilmore
    Mike Huckabee
    John Kasich


    Rand Paul
    Marco Rubio
    Rick Santorum
    Donald Trump

    Polls

    Democratic primary

    Democratic Party Democratic Party presidential primary polling (Wisconsin)
    Poll Hillary Clinton Bernie SandersUnsure or OtherMargin of ErrorSample Size
    American Research Group
    April 1-3, 2016    		49%48%3%+/-5400
    Emerson
    March 30-April 3, 2016    		43%51%6%+/-4.2542
    CBS News/YouGov
    March 29-April 1, 2016    		47%49%4%+/-6.1653
    Fox Business
    March 28-30, 2016    		43%48%9%+/-3860
    Loras College
    March 28-29, 2016    		47%41%12%+/-4.8416
    Public Policy Polling
    March 28-29, 2016    		43%49%8%+/-3.7720
    Marquette University Law School
    March 24-28, 2016    		45%49%6%+/-6.3405
    Emerson
    March 20-22, 2016    		50%44%6%+/-4.6439
    Marquette University Law School
    February 18-21, 2016    		43%44%13%+/-6.9343
    Marquette University Law School
    January 21-24, 2016    		45%43%12%+/-6.5312
    Marquette University Law School
    November 12-15, 2015    		49.7%41.1%9.2%+/-N/A374
    Wisconsin Public Radio
    October 14-17, 2015    		47%42%10%+/-6277
    Note: A "0%" finding means the candidate was not a part of the poll. The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.

    Republican primary

    Republican Party Republican Party presidential primary polling (Wisconsin)
    Poll Ted Cruz Donald TrumpJohn KasichMarco RubioBen CarsonUnsure or OtherMargin of ErrorSample Size
    American Research Group
    April 1-3, 2016    		32%42%23%0%0%3%+/-5400
    Emerson
    March 30-April 3, 2016    		40%35%21%0%0%4%+/-4.1549
    CBS News/YouGov
    March 29-April 1, 2016    		43%37%18%0%0%2%+/-5.7675
    Fox Business
    March 28-30, 2016    		42%32%19%0%0%7%+/-3.5742
    Loras College
    March 28-29, 2016    		38%31%18%0%0%13%+/-4.8416
    Public Policy Polling
    March 28-29, 2016    		38%37%17%0%0%8%+/-3.5768
    Marquette University Law School
    March 24-28, 2016    		40%30%21%0%0%9%+/-5.8471
    Optimus
    March 22-24, 2016    		27%31%29%0%0%13%+/-1.16,182
    Emerson
    March 20-22, 2016    		36%35%19%0%0%10%+/-4.6439
    Free Beacon
    March 19-20, 2016    		36%31%21%0%0%12%+/-4.4500
    Marquette University Law School
    February 18-21, 2016    		19%30%8%20%8%15%+/-7.5297
    Note: A "0%" finding means the candidate was not a part of the poll. The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.

    Delegates

    Delegate selection

    See also: 2016 presidential nominations: calendar and delegate rules

    Democratic Party

    Democratic Party Logo.png

    Wisconsin had 97 delegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention. Of this total, 87 were pledged delegates. National party rules stipulated how Democratic delegates in all states were allocated. Pledged delegates were allocated to a candidate in proportion to the votes he or she received in a state's primary or caucus. A candidate was eligible to receive a share of the state's pledged delegates if he or she won at least 15 percent of the votes cast in the primary or caucus. There were three types of pledged Democratic delegates: congressional district delegates, at-large delegates, and party leaders and elected officials (PLEOs). Congressional district delegates were allocated proportionally based on the primary or caucus results in a given district. At-large and PLEO delegates were allocated proportionally based on statewide primary results.[25][26]

    Ten party leaders and elected officials served as unpledged delegates. These delegates were not required to adhere to the results of a state's primary or caucus.[25][27]

    Wisconsin superdelegates

    See also: Superdelegates from Wisconsin, 2016 and Superdelegates and the 2016 Democratic National Convention

    Republican Party

    Logo-GOP.png

    Wisconsin had 42 delegates at the 2016 Republican National Convention. Of this total, 24 were district-level delegates (three for each of the state's eight congressional districts). District delegates were allocated on a winner-take-all basis; the candidate who won a plurality of the vote in a congressional district received all of that district's delegates.[28][29]

    Of the remaining 18 delegates, 15 served at large. Wisconsin's at-large delegates were allocated on a winner-take-all basis. The candidate who won a plurality of the statewide vote received all of the state's at-large delegates. In addition, three national party leaders (identified on the chart below as RNC delegates) served as bound delegates to the Republican National Convention.[28][29]

    Republican delegates

    See also: Republican delegates from Wisconsin, 2016 and RNC delegate guidelines from Wisconsin, 2016

    Presidential voting history

    Wisconsin presidential election results (1900-2020)

    • 15 Democratic wins
    • 16 Republican wins
    • 1 other win
    Year 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
    Winning Party R R R D R R P[30] R D D D R D R R R D R R D R R D D D D D D D R D R

    State profile

    Demographic data for Wisconsin
     WisconsinU.S.
    Total population:5,767,891316,515,021
    Land area (sq mi):54,1583,531,905
    Race and ethnicity**
    White:86.5%73.6%
    Black/African American:6.3%12.6%
    Asian:2.5%5.1%
    Native American:0.9%0.8%
    Pacific Islander:0%0.2%
    Two or more:2.1%3%
    Hispanic/Latino:6.3%17.1%
    Education
    High school graduation rate:91%86.7%
    College graduation rate:27.8%29.8%
    Income
    Median household income:$53,357$53,889
    Persons below poverty level:15%11.3%
    Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015)
    Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Wisconsin.
    **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

    Presidential voting pattern

    See also: Presidential voting trends in Wisconsin

    Wisconsin voted for the Democratic candidate in five out of the seven presidential elections between 2000 and 2024.

    Pivot Counties (2016)

    Ballotpedia identified 206 counties that voted for Donald Trump (R) in 2016 after voting for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012. Collectively, Trump won these Pivot Counties by more than 580,000 votes. Of these 206 counties, 23 are located in Wisconsin, accounting for 11.17 percent of the total pivot counties.[31]

    Pivot Counties (2020)

    In 2020, Ballotpedia re-examined the 206 Pivot Counties to view their voting patterns following that year's presidential election. Ballotpedia defined those won by Trump won as Retained Pivot Counties and those won by Joe Biden (D) as Boomerang Pivot Counties. Nationwide, there were 181 Retained Pivot Counties and 25 Boomerang Pivot Counties. Wisconsin had 21 Retained Pivot Counties and two Boomerang Pivot Counties, accounting for 11.60 and 8.00 percent of all Retained and Boomerang Pivot Counties, respectively.

    More Wisconsin coverage on Ballotpedia

    See also

    Footnotes

    1. ↑ Journal Sentinel, "Wisconsin rejects hand recount mandate; Stein to sue," November 28, 2016
    2. ↑ Reuters, "Wisconsin agrees to statewide recount in presidential race," November 25, 2016
    3. ↑ The Daily Beast, "Jill Stein Raises Enough for Wisconsin Recount," November 24, 2016
    4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 ABC News, "Trump's Victory in Wisconsin Affirmed Following Recount," December 12, 2016
    5. ↑ The Hill, "Jill Stein files for recount in Michigan," November 30, 2016
    6. ↑ CNN, "Michigan recount halted," December 8, 2016
    7. ↑ PennLive, "Jill Stein files petition seeking Pennsylvania presidential election recount," November 28, 2016
    8. ↑ Medium, "Listening and Responding To Calls for an Audit and Recount," November 26, 2016
    9. ↑ New York Magazine, "Experts Urge Clinton Campaign to Challenge Election Results in 3 Swing States," November 22, 2016
    10. ↑ CNBC, "Donald Trump blasts Jill Stein 'scam' Wisconsin recount, issues call to accept results," November 27, 2016
    11. ↑ The raw data for this study was provided by Dave Leip of Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
    12. ↑ This average includes states like Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, which did not participate in all 30 presidential elections between 1900 and 2016. It does not include Washington, D.C., which cast votes for president for the first time in 1964, or Alaska and Hawaii, which cast votes for president for the first time in 1960.
    13. ↑ U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, "Electoral Votes, 1917-1929," accessed June 21, 2016
    14. ↑ This number refers to the number of times that the state voted for the winning presidential candidate between 2000 and 2016.
    15. ↑ U.S. Election Atlas, "2012 Presidential Election Results," accessed December 29, 2014
    16. ↑ U.S. Election Atlas, "2008 Presidential Election Results," accessed December 29, 2014
    17. ↑ Archives.gov, "About the Electors," accessed July 28, 2016
    18. ↑ Congressional Research Service, "The Electoral College: How it works in contemporary presidential elections," April 13, 2016
    19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Hillary Clinton staffs up in Wisconsin," May 6, 2016
    20. ↑ LinkedIn, "Gillian Drummond," accessed July 18, 2016
    21. ↑ Donald J. Trump for President, "Donald J. Trump for President announces expansion of national political team," July 18, 2016
    22. ↑ Fox 6 News, "Donald Trump hires Rep. Sean Duffy’s chief of staff in Wisconsin," June 30, 2016
    23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 CNN, "Wisconsin election results," accessed April 5, 2016
    24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Wisconsin State Journal, "All candidates make the cut for Wisconsin's presidential primary ballot," January 6, 2016
    25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Democratic National Committee, "2016 Democratic National Convention Delegate/Alternate Allocation," updated February 19, 2016
    26. ↑ The Green Papers, "2016 Democratic Convention," accessed May 7, 2021
    27. ↑ Democratic National Committee's Office of Party Affairs and Delegate Selection, "Unpledged Delegates -- By State," May 27, 2016
    28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Republican National Committee, "2016 Presidential Nominating Process," accessed October 6, 2015
    29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 CNN.com, "Republican National Convention roll call vote," accessed July 20, 2016 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "rollcallvote" defined multiple times with different content
    30. ↑ Progressive Party
    31. ↑ The raw data for this study was provided by Dave Leip of Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
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