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Presidential election in North Carolina, 2016

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North Carolina
2020
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General election in North Carolina
  Date: November 8, 2016
2016 winner: Donald Trump (R)
Electoral votes: 15
2012 winner: Mitt Romney (R)
Democratic Primary
  Date: March 15, 2016
Winner: Hillary Clinton
Republican Primary
  Date: March 15, 2016
Winner: Donald Trump
Down ballot races in North Carolina
  U.S. Senate
U.S. House
Governor
Other state executives
North Carolina State Senate
North Carolina House of Representatives
North Carolina judicial elections
North Carolina local judicial elections
School boards
Municipal elections
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See also: Presidential battleground states, 2016

North Carolina held an election for the president of the United States on November 8, 2016. The Democratic and Republican parties held primary elections for president on March 15, 2016. North Carolina was considered a key battleground state in the 2016 general election.

HIGHLIGHTS
  • Donald Trump (R) won North Carolina in the general election.
  • In 2016, North Carolina had 15 electoral votes, which was 2.7 percent of the 538 electoral votes up for grabs and 5.5 percent of the 270 electoral votes needed to win the general election.
  • Between 1900 and 2016, North Carolina cast votes for the winning presidential candidate 66.67 percent of the time. In that same time frame, North Carolina supported Democratic candidates for president more often than Republican candidates, 60 to 40 percent. The state favored Republicans between 2000 and 2016.
  • Presidential primary elections in North Carolina took place on March 15, 2016. Hillary Clinton won the Democratic primary with 54.5 percent of the vote. Donald Trump won the Republican primary with 40.2 percent.
  • General election candidates

    See also: Ballot access for presidential candidates

    The candidate list below is based on an official list on the North Carolina State Board of Elections website. The candidate names below appear in the order in which they were listed on the official list—not necessarily the order in which they appeared on the ballot in November.

    Presidential candidates on the ballot in North Carolina

    Donald Trump/Mike Pence (Republican)
    Gary Johnson/Bill Weld (Libertarian)
    Hillary Clinton/Tim Kaine (Democratic)

    Results

    U.S. presidential election, North Carolina, 2016
    Party Candidate Vote % Votes Electoral votes
         Democratic Hillary Clinton/Tim Kaine 46.2% 2,189,316 0
         Republican Green check mark transparent.pngDonald Trump/Mike Pence 49.8% 2,362,631 15
         Libertarian Gary Johnson/Bill Weld 2.7% 130,126 0
         - Write-in votes 1.3% 59,491 0
    Total Votes 4,741,564 15
    Election results via: North Carolina State Board of Elections

    Pivot Counties

    See also: Pivot Counties: The counties that voted Obama-Obama-Trump from 2008-2016

    Ballotpedia identified 206 counties that voted for Donald Trump (R) in 2016 after voting for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012, in 34 states.[1] Collectively, Trump won these Pivot Counties by more than 580,000 votes, and had an average margin of victory of 11.45 percent. The political shift in these counties could have a broad impact on elections at every level of government for the next four years.

    Historical election trends

    See also: Presidential election accuracy

    Below is an analysis of North Carolina's voting record in presidential elections. The state's accuracy is based on the number of times a state has voted for a winning presidential candidate. The majority of statistical data is from the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration and was compiled, here, by Ballotpedia, unless otherwise noted.

    Presidential election voting record in North Carolina, 1900-2016

    Between 1900 and 2016:

    • North Carolina participated in 30 presidential elections.
    • North Carolina voted for the winning presidential candidate 66.67 percent of the time. The average accuracy of voting for winning presidential candidates for all 50 states in this time frame was 72.31 percent.[2]
    • North Carolina voted Democratic 60 percent of the time and Republican 40 percent of the time.

    Presidential election voting record in North Carolina, 2000-2016

    *An asterisk indicates that that candidate also won the national electoral vote in that election.

    Election results

    2012

    Other candidates that appeared on the ballot received less than 0.1% of the vote. Those candidates included: Virgil Goode.[4]

    2008

    Other candidates that appeared on the ballot received less than 0.1% of the vote. Those candidates included: Ralph Nader, Cynthia McKinney, and Brian Moore.[5]

    Polling

    North Carolina polls (2016)


    Ballotpedia's battleground state polling averages were based on polls that came out over a 20- to 30-day period. For example, an average might have covered all polls that were released for a state between September 1, 2016, and September 30, 2016. They were not weighted. Polling averages were checked and updated daily.

    Ballotpedia Battleground Poll

    See also: Ballotpedia's battleground poll, 2016

    Ballotpedia partnered with Evolving Strategies and surveyed voters across seven battleground states (June 10 – 22) regarding their vote preference. We tested six election scenarios. In one set, we matched Hillary Clinton (D) in a series of two-way contests with Donald Trump (R), Ohio Governor John Kasich (R), and House Speaker Paul Ryan (R). In the second set, we matched these same candidates in a series of three-way contests that also included former Governor Gary Johnson. In all seven states, Clinton polled higher than Trump. Comparatively, John Kasich polled ahead of Clinton in five of the seven states, and Paul Ryan polled ahead of Clinton in three states. See the table below for the battleground poll results from North Carolina.

    Although former Republican nominee Mitt Romney carried North Carolina by a slim margin in 2012 (2.2 percentage points), Hillary Clinton led all three Republicans polled. However, in the predicted modeled head-to-head results, John Kasich was statistically even with Clinton, while Paul Ryan trailed her by 2 percentage points and Donald Trump was 10 percentage points behind.

    Ballotpedia's Battleground Polling (North Carolina): Head-to-head
    Poll Hillary Clinton Donald Trump Neither or refused Margin of error Sample size
    Clinton vs. Trump (June 10-22, 2016) 48% 38% 14% +/- 4 603
    Hillary Clinton John Kasich Neither or refused Margin of error Sample size
    Clinton vs. Kasich (June 10-22, 2016) 42% 41% 17% +/-4 603
    Hillary Clinton Paul Ryan Neither or refused Margin of error Sample size
    Clinton vs. Ryan (June 10-22, 2016) 43% 41% 16% +/- 4 603
    Ballotpedia's Battleground Polling (North Carolina): Three-way
    Hillary Clinton Donald Trump Gary Johnson Neither or refused Margin of error Sample size
    Clinton vs. Trump vs. Johnson (June 10-22, 2016) 44% 37% 10% 10% +/- 4 603
    Hillary Clinton John Kasich Gary Johnson Neither or refused Margin of error Sample size
    Clinton vs. Kasich vs. Johnson (June 10-22, 2016) 40% 39% 9% 13% +/- 4 603
    Hillary Clinton Paul Ryan Gary Johnson Neither or refused Margin of error Sample size
    Clinton vs. Ryan vs. Johnson (June 10-22, 2016) 41% 39% 8% 12% +/- 4 603

    Electoral votes

    See also: Electoral College

    The president of the United States is not elected by popular vote but rather by electors in the Electoral College. In fact, when Americans vote for president, they are actually voting for a slate of electors selected by members of Democratic and Republican state parties or nominated in some other fashion. Under this system, which is laid out in Article 2, Section 1, of the Constitution, each state is allocated one electoral vote for every member of their congressional delegation, meaning one for each member of the U.S. House and one for each of their two Senators.

    North Carolina electors

    In 2016, North Carolina had 15 electoral votes. North Carolina's share of electoral votes represented 2.7 percent of the 538 electoral votes up for grabs in the general election and 5.5 percent of the 270 votes needed to be elected president. Democratic and Republicans electors in North Carolina were selected at congressional district and state party conventions.

    "Faithless electors"

    The U.S. Constitution does not dictate how presidential electors are to cast their votes, but, in general, electors are expected to vote for the winner of the popular vote in their state or the candidates of the party that nominated them to serve as electors. Electors who choose not to vote for the winner of the popular vote or the candidates of the party that nominated them are known as "faithless electors." Faithless electors are rare. Between 1900 and 2012, there were only eight known instances of faithless electors.

    Several states have passed laws against faithless electors and require electors to vote for the winner of the popular vote in their state, for the candidate of the party that nominated them to serve as electors, or in accordance with any pledge they may have been required to make at the time of their nomination. In states with these types of laws, faithless electors can be fined or replaced, or their votes can be nullified.[6][7]

    North Carolina was one of 31 states in 2016—including the District of Columbia—with a law seeking to bind the votes of presidential electors.

    State campaign staff

    Prior to the November 8, 2016, election, each campaign put in place paid staff, volunteers, and political operatives in each state in efforts to gain votes and influence voter turnout on election day. The following details some of the key staff for each campaign in North Carolina.

    Hillary Clinton

    For Hillary Clinton's campaign, state operations nationwide were overseen by Marlon Marshall, the campaign's director of state campaigns and political engagement. The key staff in North Carolina consisted of:

    Hillary for America 2016 Logo.png

    Troy Clair, State director: Clair joined the Clinton campaign in May 2016. Starting in 2012, Clair has served as the chief of staff to G.K. Butterfield, chair of the Congressional Black Caucus. A graduate of Duke University, Clair was a Florida regional field organizer for John Kerry's 2004 presidential campaign.[8]



    Donald Trump

    For Donald Trump's campaign, state operations nationwide were overseen by Michael Biundo, the campaign's senior political advisor. The key staff in North Carolina consisted of:

    Trump-Pence 2016.svg

    Jason Simmons, State director: Simmons took over the role in Trump's campaign in August 2016 after previous state director Earl Philip. He was an advisor to North Carolina Gov. Pat McCrory and was appointed by McCrory to the North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. Simmons was a Charlotte, North Carolina, area manager for Mitt Romney (R) during his 2012 presidential campaign.[9]
    Taylor Playforth, Deputy state director: Playforth was a Republican activist who worked to register voters throughout the state.[10] Before Simmons was hired, Playforth had taken over many of the day-to-day operations.[9]


    Down ballot races

    See also: North Carolina elections, 2016

    Below is a list of down ballot races in North Carolina covered by Ballotpedia in 2016.

    Primary election

    See also: March 15 presidential primary elections and caucuses, 2016

    Quick facts

    Democrats: Republicans
    • 2016 Republican winner: Donald Trump
    • Poll leader: Donald Trump
    • 2012 Republican winner: Mitt Romney
    • Type: Mixed Primary
    • Delegate allocation: Proportional
    • Pledged delegates at stake: 72

    Democrats

    Hillary Clinton won the North Carolina Democratic primary with roughly 55 percent of the vote. Bernie Sanders received 41 percent. Clinton carried North Carolina's largest county by population, Mecklenburg, by more than 20 percentage points over Sanders. The city of Charlotte is located in Mecklenburg. She also won the state's second and third largest counties—Guilford and Wake.[11]

    Republicans

    Donald Trump won the North Carolina Republican primary with 40 percent of the vote. Ted Cruz came in second with almost 37 percent. Trump carried Mecklenburg County by just over 2 percentage points, beating Cruz 32.5 to 30.2 percent. Cruz, however, won Guilford and Wake counties.[11]

    March 15 primaries

    North Carolina was one of five states that held presidential primary elections on March 15, 2016.

    2016 primary results

    Democrats

    North Carolina Democratic Primary, 2016
    Candidate Vote % Votes Delegates
    Green check mark transparent.pngHillary Clinton 54.5% 622,915 60
    Bernie Sanders 40.9% 467,018 47
    Martin O'Malley 1.1% 12,122 0
    Roque De La Fuente 0.3% 3,376 0
    Other 3.3% 37,485 0
    Totals 1,142,916 107
    Source: The New York Times and North Carolina State Board of Elections

    Republicans

    North Carolina Republican Primary, 2016
    Candidate Vote % Votes Delegates
    Green check mark transparent.pngDonald Trump 40.2% 462,413 29
    Ted Cruz 36.8% 422,621 27
    John Kasich 12.7% 145,659 9
    Marco Rubio 7.7% 88,907 6
    Ben Carson 1% 11,019 1
    Jeb Bush 0.3% 3,893 0
    Mike Huckabee 0.3% 3,071 0
    Rand Paul 0.2% 2,753 0
    Chris Christie 0.1% 1,256 0
    Carly Fiorina 0.1% 929 0
    Rick Santorum 0.1% 663 0
    Jim Gilmore 0% 265 0
    Other 0.5% 6,081 0
    Totals 1,149,530 72
    Source: The New York Times and North Carolina Board of Elections

    Primary candidates

    Democrats[12]

    Hillary Clinton


    Martin O'Malley


    Bernie Sanders

    Republicans[12]

    Jeb Bush
    Ben Carson
    Chris Christie
    Ted Cruz


    Carly Fiorina
    Jim Gilmore
    Mike Huckabee
    John Kasich


    Rand Paul
    Marco Rubio
    Rick Santorum
    Donald Trump

    Polls

    Democratic primary

    Democratic Party Democratic Party presidential primary polling (North Carolina)
    Poll Hillary Clinton Bernie SandersUnsure or OtherMargin of ErrorSample Size
    Public Policy Polling
    March 11-13, 2016
    56%37%7%+/-3.6747
    High Point University
    March 8-9, 2016
    58%34%8%+/-3.8669
    Civitas
    March 3, 5-7, 2016
    57%28%15%+/-4.38500
    Survey USA/WRAL-TV
    March 4-7, 2016
    57%34%9%+/-3.8687
    Elon University
    February 15-19, 2016
    47.1%36.8%16%+/-3.6728
    Survey USA
    February 14-16, 2016
    51%36%13%+/-4.7449
    Public Policy Polling
    February 14-16, 2016
    52%35%13%+/-4.1575
    Note: A "0%" finding means the candidate was not a part of the poll. The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.
    Democratic Party Democratic Party presidential primary polling (North Carolina)
    Poll Hillary Clinton Bernie SandersMartin O'MalleyUnsure or OtherMargin of ErrorSample Size
    High Point University
    January 30, 2015-February 4, 2016
    55%29%1%15%+/-4.5478
    Public Policy Polling
    January 18-19, 2016
    59%26%5%10%+/-4.6461
    Civitas Institute
    January 13-16, 2016
    53%28%2%16%+/-4.38500
    Public Policy Polling
    December 5-7, 2015
    60%21%10%9%+/-4.2555
    Elon University
    October 29-November 2, 2015
    57.1%24%2.5%16.3%+/-4.32514
    Note: A "0%" finding means the candidate was not a part of the poll. The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.


    Note: In October 2015, Joe Biden announced that he would not run for president in 2016. During the same month, Jim Webb, Lincoln Chafee and Lawrence Lessig ended their campaigns for the presidential election in 2016. The Democratic polls below reflect polling during the time when their campaigns were still active, and it was widely expected that Biden would run in 2016.

    Democratic Party Democratic Party presidential primary polling (North Carolina) - September-October
    Poll Hillary Clinton Bernie SandersJoe BidenMartin O'MalleyJim WebbLincoln ChafeeLawrence LessigUnsure or OtherMargin of ErrorSample Size
    Public Policy Polling
    October 23-25, 2015
    61%24%0%5%0%0%2%8%+/-4.8421
    Public Policy Polling
    September 24-27, 2015
    37%17%30%1%3%2%0%10%+/-4605
    Elon University Poll
    September 17-21, 2015
    53.4%23%0%<1%1.6%<1%<1%20.4%+/-4.74427
    Note: A "0%" finding means the candidate was not a part of the poll. The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.

    Republican primary

    Republican Party Republican Party presidential primary polling (North Carolina)
    Poll Donald Trump Ted CruzMarco RubioJohn KasichBen CarsonUnsure or OtherMargin of ErrorSample Size
    Public Policy Polling
    March 11-13, 2016
    44%33%7%11%0%5%+/-3.6749
    High Point University
    March 8-9, 2016
    48%28%8%12%0%4%+/-3.7734
    Civitas
    March 3, 5-7, 2016
    32%26%11%11%3%17%+/-4.38500
    Survey USA/WRAL-TV
    March 4-7, 2016
    41%27%14%11%0%7%+/-3.8688
    Elon University
    February 15-19, 2016
    27.8%19.1%15.9%6.8%10%20.4%+/-3.6733
    SurveyUSA
    February 14-16, 2016
    36%18%18%7%10%11%+/-4.8437
    Public Policy Polling
    February 14-16, 2016
    29%19%16%11%9%16%+/-4597
    Note: A "0%" finding means the candidate was not a part of the poll. The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.
    Republican Party Republican Party presidential primary polling (North Carolina)
    Poll Donald Trump Ben CarsonTed CruzMarco RubioJeb BushCarly FiorinaMike HuckabeeChris ChristieJohn KasichRand PaulUnsure or OtherMargin of ErrorSample Size
    High Point University
    January 30, 2015-February 4, 2016
    26%9%22%20%3%1%2%2%2%2%10%+/-4.5477
    Civitas Institute
    January 18-19, 2016
    27%7%23%10%4%2%2%4%2%2%15%+/-4.38500
    Public Policy Polling
    January 18-19, 2016
    38%8%16%11%6%3%6%4%2%3%4%+/-4.7433
    Public Policy Polling
    December 5-7, 2015
    33%14%16%14%5%2%2%4%3%2%3%+/-4.2537
    Elon University
    October 29-November 2, 2015
    19%31%9.7%9.7%4.6%3.4%2.7%1.8%1.3%1.9%14.9%+/-4.54466
    Public Policy Polling
    October 23-25, 2015
    31%23%6%11%6%6%5%3%5%2%1%+/-4.8425
    Public Policy Polling
    September 24-27, 2015
    26%21%9%10%5%12%6%2%4%0%4%+/-4.1576
    Elon University Poll
    September 17-21, 2015
    21.5%20.9%6.2%7.4%7%9.9%4.1%1.6%2.1%2.3%16%+/-4.31516
    Note: A "0%" finding means the candidate was not a part of the poll. The polls above may not reflect all polls that have been conducted in this race. Those displayed are a random sampling chosen by Ballotpedia staff. If you would like to nominate another poll for inclusion in the table, send an email to editor@ballotpedia.org.

    Delegates

    Delegate selection

    See also: 2016 presidential nominations: calendar and delegate rules

    Democratic Party

    Democratic Party Logo.png

    North Carolina had 120 delegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention. Of this total, 107 were pledged delegates. National party rules stipulated how Democratic delegates in all states were allocated. Pledged delegates were allocated to a candidate in proportion to the votes he or she received in a state's primary or caucus. A candidate was eligible to receive a share of the state's pledged delegates if he or she won at least 15 percent of the votes cast in the primary or caucus. There were three types of pledged Democratic delegates: congressional district delegates, at-large delegates, and party leaders and elected officials (PLEOs). Congressional district delegates were allocated proportionally based on the primary or caucus results in a given district. At-large and PLEO delegates were allocated proportionally based on statewide primary results.[13][14]

    Thirteen party leaders and elected officials served as unpledged delegates. These delegates were not required to adhere to the results of a state's primary or caucus.[13][15]

    North Carolina superdelegates

    See also: Superdelegates from North Carolina, 2016 and Superdelegates and the 2016 Democratic National Convention

    Republican Party

    Logo-GOP.png

    North Carolina had 72 delegates at the 2016 Republican National Convention. Of this total, 39 were district-level delegates (three for each of the state's 13 congressional districts). District-level delegates were allocated proportionally according to the statewide vote.[16][17]

    Of the remaining 33 delegates, 30 served at large. North Carolina's at-large delegates were allocated on a proportional basis according to the statewide primary vote. In addition, three national party leaders (identified on the chart below as RNC delegates) served as bound delegates to the Republican National Convention.[16][17]

    North Carolina Delegates

    Presidential voting history

    North Carolina presidential election results (1900-2024)

    • 18 Democratic wins
    • 14 Republican wins
    Year 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
    Winning Party D D D D D D D R D D D D D D D D D R R D R R R R R R R D R R R R

    State profile

    Demographic data for North Carolina
     North CarolinaU.S.
    Total population:10,035,186316,515,021
    Land area (sq mi):48,6183,531,905
    Race and ethnicity**
    White:69.5%73.6%
    Black/African American:21.5%12.6%
    Asian:2.5%5.1%
    Native American:1.2%0.8%
    Pacific Islander:0.1%0.2%
    Two or more:2.4%3%
    Hispanic/Latino:8.8%17.1%
    Education
    High school graduation rate:85.8%86.7%
    College graduation rate:28.4%29.8%
    Income
    Median household income:$46,868$53,889
    Persons below poverty level:20.5%11.3%
    Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015)
    Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in North Carolina.
    **Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

    Presidential voting pattern

    See also: Presidential voting trends in North Carolina

    North Carolina voted Republican in six out of the seven presidential elections between 2000 and 2024.

    Pivot Counties (2016)

    Ballotpedia identified 206 counties that voted for Donald Trump (R) in 2016 after voting for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012. Collectively, Trump won these Pivot Counties by more than 580,000 votes. Of these 206 counties, six are located in North Carolina, accounting for 2.91 percent of the total pivot counties.[18]

    Pivot Counties (2020)

    In 2020, Ballotpedia re-examined the 206 Pivot Counties to view their voting patterns following that year's presidential election. Ballotpedia defined those won by Trump won as Retained Pivot Counties and those won by Joe Biden (D) as Boomerang Pivot Counties. Nationwide, there were 181 Retained Pivot Counties and 25 Boomerang Pivot Counties. North Carolina had six Retained Pivot Counties, 3.31 percent of all Retained Pivot Counties.

    More North Carolina coverage on Ballotpedia

    Presidential election by state

    For more information on the presidential contests in your state, please click on your state below:

    http://ballotpedia.org/Presidential_election_in_STATE,_2016

    See also

    Footnotes

    1. The raw data for this study was provided by Dave Leip of Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
    2. This average includes states like Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, which did not participate in all 30 presidential elections between 1900 and 2016. It does not include Washington, D.C., which cast votes for president for the first time in 1964, or Alaska and Hawaii, which cast votes for president for the first time in 1960.
    3. This number refers to the number of times that the state voted for the winning presidential candidate between 2000 and 2016.
    4. U.S. Election Atlas, "2012 Presidential Election Results," accessed December 29, 2014
    5. U.S. Election Atlas, "2008 Presidential Election Results," accessed December 29, 2014
    6. Archives.gov, "About the Electors," accessed July 28, 2016
    7. Congressional Research Service, "The Electoral College: How it works in contemporary presidential elections," April 13, 2016
    8. Buzzfeed, "Clinton Campaign To Name Top CBC Operative As North Carolina State Director," May 3, 2016
    9. 9.0 9.1 Politico, "Trump shuffles North Carolina campaign team," August 2, 2016
    10. Donald J. Trump for President, "Donald J. Trump Announces North Carolina State Director And Deputy Sate Director," November 19, 2015
    11. 11.0 11.1 The New York Times, "North Carolina primary election," March 16, 2016
    12. 12.0 12.1 North Carolina State Board of Elections, "Presidential primary candidates," January 5, 2016
    13. 13.0 13.1 Democratic National Committee, "2016 Democratic National Convention Delegate/Alternate Allocation," updated February 19, 2016
    14. The Green Papers, "2016 Democratic Convention," accessed May 7, 2021
    15. Democratic National Committee's Office of Party Affairs and Delegate Selection, "Unpledged Delegates -- By State," May 27, 2016
    16. 16.0 16.1 Republican National Committee, "2016 Presidential Nominating Process," accessed October 6, 2015
    17. 17.0 17.1 CNN.com, "Republican National Convention roll call vote," accessed July 20, 2016
    18. The raw data for this study was provided by Dave Leip of Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.