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North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction election, 2024
← 2020
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North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction |
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Election details |
Filing deadline: December 15, 2023 |
Primary: March 5, 2024 Primary runoff: May 14, 2024 General: November 5, 2024 Pre-election incumbent(s): Catherine Truitt (R) |
How to vote |
Poll times: 6:30 a.m. to 7:30 p.m. Voting in North Carolina |
Ballotpedia analysis |
Federal and state primary competitiveness State executive elections in 2024 Impact of term limits in 2024 State government trifectas State government triplexes Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024 |
North Carolina executive elections |
Governor Lieutenant Governor |
Mo Green (D) defeated Michele Morrow (R) in the general election for North Carolina superintendent of public instruction on November 5, 2024. Morrow defeated incumbent Catherine Truitt (R) in the Republican primary. Truitt was the only incumbent defeated in a primary for North Carolina state executive office in 2024.
In June 2024, Education Week's Libby Stanford described voters' choice between Green and Morrow as one between "a person with experience teaching in and leading K-12 schools or an outsider with a potentially new take on education policy."[1][2] Green said Morrow's view on education was "fueled by angry conspiracies and calls for violence."[3] Morrow said her social media posts were taken out of context.[4]
Green earned his bachelor's degree in political science and economics and his law degree from Duke University. He served as general counsel, chief operating officer, and deputy superintendent for Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools. He also served as the superintendent of Guilford County Schools and executive director of the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation, a grantmaking organization that said it is "committed to improving the quality of life for all North Carolinians."[5][6]
Morrow earned her bachelor's degree in nursing from UNC Chapel Hill. She worked as a nurse, activist, and homeschool teacher.[7] Morrow taught several subjects to high schoolers in micro-schools, which her campaign website described as "a 'mid-point' between traditional schooling and homeschooling."[7] She was a representative for Liberty First Grassroots, a conservative political action committee, and legislative liaison at Pavement Education Project, which said it "offers parents and citizens an opportunity to see what books are available in NC Schools."[8][9][10]
Green criticized Morrow for not sending her children to public school in North Carolina.[2][11] Morrow defended her experience as a homeschool teacher and said she would work "to eliminate progressive indoctrination in schools."[11][12]
On Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion and Critical Race Theory, key issues in the race, Green said, "Educators know how important it is to understand, appreciate and embrace our diverse students and provide them with differentiated resources that meet their needs..."[13] Morrow said, "The only diversity and equity our schools should be promoting is diversity of ideas and teaching methods and equity of opportunity."[8]
Candidates and election results
General election
General election for North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction
Mo Green defeated Michele Morrow in the general election for North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction on November 5, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | Mo Green (D) | 51.2 | 2,837,606 | |
Michele Morrow (R) | 48.8 | 2,706,953 |
Total votes: 5,544,559 | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Withdrawn or disqualified candidates
- James Carter (Independent)
Democratic primary election
Democratic primary for North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction
Mo Green defeated C.R. Katie Eddings and Kenon Crumble in the Democratic primary for North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction on March 5, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | Mo Green | 65.8 | 431,922 | |
C.R. Katie Eddings | 24.9 | 163,234 | ||
Kenon Crumble | 9.3 | 60,844 |
Total votes: 656,000 | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Republican primary election
Republican primary for North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction
Michele Morrow defeated incumbent Catherine Truitt in the Republican primary for North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction on March 5, 2024.
Candidate | % | Votes | ||
✔ | Michele Morrow | 52.1 | 457,151 | |
Catherine Truitt | 47.9 | 420,270 |
Total votes: 877,421 | ||||
If you are a candidate and would like to tell readers and voters more about why they should vote for you, complete the Ballotpedia Candidate Connection Survey. | ||||
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Voting information
- See also: Voting in North Carolina
Candidate comparison
Candidate profiles
This section includes candidate profiles that may be created in one of two ways: either the candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey, or Ballotpedia staff may compile a profile based on campaign websites, advertisements, and public statements after identifying the candidate as noteworthy. For more on how we select candidates to include, click here.
Party: Democratic Party
Incumbent: No
Political Office: None
Submitted Biography: "I have strived to be a champion for North Carolina public education throughout a professional career that has included being: Superintendent, Guilford County Schools, the third largest school district in North Carolina, for more than seven years Deputy Superintendent/Chief Operating Officer and General Counsel, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, one of the two largest school districts in North Carolina, for a total of more than seven years Executive Director, Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation, which has awarded millions in grants to educational causes, for seven years A board of director/commission member of organizations that deal with various educational issues, including homelessness, athletics, policy, media, arts and community support I began my career as a lawyer in private practice after two United States judicial clerkships. I have a bachelor’s degree in political science and economics and a law degree, both from Duke University. I am a member of Alpha Phi Alpha and Sigma Pi Phi (the Boulé) fraternities. A longtime North Carolina resident, I am married and have two adult children, both of whom attended and graduated from North Carolina public schools."
This information was current as of the candidate's run for North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction in 2024.
Party: Republican Party
Incumbent: No
Political Office: None
Submitted Biography: "I am a bold, principled, Christian Conservative, devoted wife of 26 years and a mother of five. I have spent my life as a servant, advocate and educator in my roles as nurse, missionary, foster parent, high school teacher, and community advocate. For five years I have been collaborating with citizens around the state to protect our medical freedoms and reform our public educational system. I have spoken to thousands of NC citizens, numerous school boards, legislators and committees. I was instrumental in getting 1,000 signatures from concerned NC citizens to encourage our legislators to pass the Parental Rights Bill and to end the dangerous medical practice of puberty blockers, gender hormone therapy and transgender surgeries before a patient is 18 years old. I have presented to legislators on multiple occasions in an effort to protect women's sports and to focus our curriculum on sound academics rather than political and social agendas. I am a proponent of securing our schools and creating disciplined, ordered classrooms. I am a fiscal conservative and believe that every dollar we spend as taxpayers should be accounted for and our educational budget should prioritize safety and scholastics. Our spending should begin with classroom needs and travel upward, not the other way around. I have a plan to make our schools the safest buildings in the state, our students prepared for adult life, to strengthen the family/teacher connection and return to NC values."
This information was current as of the candidate's run for North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction in 2024.
Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey responses
Ballotpedia asks all federal, state, and local candidates to complete a survey and share what motivates them on political and personal levels. The section below shows responses from candidates in this race who completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey. Candidates are asked three required questions for this survey, but they may answer additional optional questions as well.
Survey responses from candidates in this race
Click on a candidate's name to visit their Ballotpedia page.
Note: Ballotpedia reserves the right to edit Candidate Connection survey responses. Any edits made by Ballotpedia will be clearly marked with [brackets] for the public. If the candidate disagrees with an edit, he or she may request the full removal of the survey response from Ballotpedia.org. Ballotpedia does not edit or correct typographical errors unless the candidate's campaign requests it.
Collapse all
|Mo Green (D)
My vision of excellence for the NC public school system can be realized through commitments by a wide variety of stakeholders (e.g., General Assembly, State Board of Education, local boards of educations, educators, Governor, parents, faith community, businesses, etc.) to the following pillars:
● Investing fully in public education ● Revering educators (teachers as well as other educators such as custodians, cafeteria workers, bus drivers, counselors, etc.) and paying them more ● Providing appropriate and differentiated resources for each student according to their needs ● Enhancing parent and community engagement ● Ensuring safe and secure learning environments ● Celebrating the good in public education
The vision to be excellent is core to how I work. When I was superintendent of Guilford County Schools, I worked with others to set a vision of education excellence (the successful coupling of academic achievement and character development) for the district. While GCS certainly has room for continued improvement, it is through the work of many that the district and its schools have been routinely recognized for its excellence and for being among the best in the state and nationally in academic achievement, character development and the arts.
Michele Morrow (R)
We must ensure that our most vulnerable citizens are protected from outside threats as well as ensure our classrooms are places of peace, civility and respect.
Recent data reports that physical attacks on school personnel is on the rise. Students are not facing consequences for disruptive and harmful behavior and our classrooms have descended into chaos.
I will ensure that our schools enact common sense discipline policies so that our teachers can teach and students can learn.
I would partner with parents, teachers, bus drivers, principals, religious leaders, law enforcement, security companies and juvenile justice experts to uncover the most effective policies for our staff and students.
The bar for scholastics must be raised and our curriculum focused on the sound, basic instruction set forth in the NC Constitution.
I will end CRT and DEI programs and ideology that are dividing our students and judging them based on their skin color.
I will evaluate every program in the DPI for it's efficacy in enhancing student academic performance, character development and career preparedness and work with the state legislature and State Board of Education to reallocate funds to programs with proven track records of success.
No student should leave elementary school without mastering reading, writing and math and we will broaden internship opportunities in every high school throughout NC.
North Carolina's educational system must be fueled by a fiscally conservative, free-market, and competitive environment,
We need sound policies and practices to deliver academic results and support our staff and student needs.
I will work with financial experts and legislators to streamline our spending to focus on teacher recruitment and training, student resources, and infrastructure.
I will bring in an external accounting firm to track down every dime of our spending. We will identify, decrease, or terminate wasteful programs that cannot demonstrate a direct, consistent, positive impact on student success and staff retention.
We will partner with local farmers, businesses and non-profits to more efficiently serve our schools in NCMo Green (D)
Michele Morrow (R)
Mo Green (D)
Michele Morrow (R)
Michele Morrow (R)
Mo Green (D)
Michele Morrow (R)
Mo Green (D)
Mo Green (D)
Michele Morrow (R)
Liberty First Grassroots Clarence Henderson-Civil Rights Leader Dr. James Lindsay-News Larry Pittman-Former NC State Legislator Col. Gary Pendleton-Former Chair of Wake County Commissioners and NC State Legislator New Hanover School Board Members Cabarrus County School Board Member Onslow County School Board Member Bladen County School Board Member Catawba County School Board Member Johnston County School Board Member Moore County School Board Members
Michele Morrow (R)
Campaign ads
This section includes a selection of up to three campaign advertisements per candidate released in this race, as well as links to candidates' YouTube, Vimeo, and/or Facebook video pages. If you are aware of other links that should be included, please email us.
Mo Green
Ballotpedia did not come across any campaign ads for Mo Green while conducting research on this election. If you are aware of any ads that should be included, please email us.
Michele Morrow
February 19, 2024 |
View more ads here:
Election competitiveness
Polls
- See also: Ballotpedia's approach to covering polls
We provide results for polls that are included in polling aggregation from FiveThirtyEight and RealClearPolitics, when available. No polls were available for this election. To notify us of polls published in this election, please email us.
Endorsements
Click the links below to see official endorsement lists published on candidate campaign websites for any candidates that make that information available. If you would like to submit candidate endorsements in this race, please click here.
Election spending
Campaign finance
The section and tables below contain data from financial reports submitted to state agencies. The data is gathered and made available by Transparency USA.
Satellite spending
- See also: Satellite spending
Satellite spending describes political spending not controlled by candidates or their campaigns; that is, any political expenditures made by groups or individuals that are not directly affiliated with a candidate. This includes spending by political party committees, super PACs, trade associations, and 501(c)(4) nonprofit groups.[14][15][16]
If available, this section includes links to online resources tracking satellite spending in this election. To notify us of a resource to add, email us.
Election analysis
Click the tabs below to view information about demographics, past elections, and partisan control of the state.
- Presidential elections - Information about presidential elections in the state.
- Statewide elections - Information about recent U.S. Senate and gubernatorial elections in the state.
- State partisanship - The partisan makeup of the state's congressional delegation and state government.
- Demographics - Information about the state's demographics and how they compare to the country as a whole.
Cook PVI by congressional district
Cook Political Report's Partisan Voter Index for North Carolina, 2024 | |||
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District | Incumbent | Party | PVI |
North Carolina's 1st | Donald Davis | R+1 | |
North Carolina's 2nd | Deborah Ross | D+15 | |
North Carolina's 3rd | Gregory Murphy | R+11 | |
North Carolina's 4th | Valerie Foushee | D+21 | |
North Carolina's 5th | Virginia Foxx | R+10 | |
North Carolina's 6th | Kathy Manning | R+11 | |
North Carolina's 7th | David Rouzer | R+8 | |
North Carolina's 8th | Dan Bishop | R+11 | |
North Carolina's 9th | Richard Hudson | R+9 | |
North Carolina's 10th | Patrick McHenry | R+10 | |
North Carolina's 11th | Chuck Edwards | R+8 | |
North Carolina's 12th | Alma Adams | D+23 | |
North Carolina's 13th | Wiley Nickel | R+11 | |
North Carolina's 14th | Jeff Jackson | R+11 |
2020 presidential results by 2024 congressional district lines
2020 presidential results in congressional districts based on 2024 district lines, North Carolina[17] | ||||
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District | Joe Biden |
Donald Trump | ||
North Carolina's 1st | 50.4% | 48.8% | ||
North Carolina's 2nd | 66.9% | 31.5% | ||
North Carolina's 3rd | 40.7% | 58.0% | ||
North Carolina's 4th | 72.4% | 26.2% | ||
North Carolina's 5th | 41.8% | 57.2% | ||
North Carolina's 6th | 41.2% | 57.5% | ||
North Carolina's 7th | 43.9% | 54.9% | ||
North Carolina's 8th | 40.6% | 58.3% | ||
North Carolina's 9th | 42.4% | 56.3% | ||
North Carolina's 10th | 41.4% | 57.4% | ||
North Carolina's 11th | 43.8% | 54.8% | ||
North Carolina's 12th | 74.4% | 24.2% | ||
North Carolina's 13th | 40.7% | 57.9% | ||
North Carolina's 14th | 41.4% | 57.5% |
2012-2020
How a state's counties vote in a presidential election and the size of those counties can provide additional insights into election outcomes at other levels of government including statewide and congressional races. Below, four categories are used to describe each county's voting pattern over the 2012, 2016, and 2020 presidential elections: Solid, Trending, Battleground, and New. Click [show] on the table below for examples:
County-level voting pattern categories | |||||||
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Democratic | |||||||
Status | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | ||||
Solid Democratic | D | D | D | ||||
Trending Democratic | R | D | D | ||||
Battleground Democratic | D | R | D | ||||
New Democratic | R | R | D | ||||
Republican | |||||||
Status | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 | ||||
Solid Republican | R | R | R | ||||
Trending Republican | D | R | R | ||||
Battleground Republican | R | D | R | ||||
New Republican | D | D | R |
Following the 2020 presidential election, 47.1% of North Carolinians lived in one of the state's 22 Solid Democratic counties, which voted for the Democratic presidential candidate in every election from 2012 to 2020, and 46.3% lived in one of 68 Solid Republican counties. Overall, North Carolina was Solid Republican, having voted for Mitt Romney (R) in 2012, Donald Trump (R) in 2016, and Donald Trump (R) in 2020. Use the table below to view the total number of each type of county in North Carolina following the 2020 election as well as the overall percentage of the state population located in each county type.
North Carolina county-level statistics, 2020 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Solid Democratic | 22 | 47.1% | |||||
Solid Republican | 68 | 46.3% | |||||
Trending Republican | 6 | 2.7% | |||||
New Democratic | 1 | 2.2% | |||||
Battleground Democratic | 1 | 0.9% | |||||
Trending Democratic | 1 | 0.5% | |||||
New Republican | 1 | 0.3% | |||||
Total voted Democratic | 25 | 50.7% | |||||
Total voted Republican | 75 | 49.3% |
Historical voting trends
North Carolina presidential election results (1900-2020)
- 18 Democratic wins
- 13 Republican wins
Year | 1900 | 1904 | 1908 | 1912 | 1916 | 1920 | 1924 | 1928 | 1932 | 1936 | 1940 | 1944 | 1948 | 1952 | 1956 | 1960 | 1964 | 1968 | 1972 | 1976 | 1980 | 1984 | 1988 | 1992 | 1996 | 2000 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2016 | 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Winning Party | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | D | R | R | R |
This section details the results of the five most recent U.S. Senate and gubernatorial elections held in the state.
U.S. Senate elections
The table below details the vote in the five most recent U.S. Senate races in North Carolina.
U.S. Senate election results in North Carolina | ||
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Race | Winner | Runner up |
2022 | 50.5% |
47.3% |
2020 | 48.7% |
46.9% |
2016 | 51.1% |
45.3% |
2014 | 48.8% |
47.3% |
2010 | 55.0% |
42.9% |
Average | 51.3 | 45.3 |
Gubernatorial elections
- See also: Governor of North Carolina
The table below details the vote in the five most recent gubernatorial elections in North Carolina.
Gubernatorial election results in North Carolina | ||
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Race | Winner | Runner up |
2020 | 51.5% |
47.0% |
2016 | 49.0% |
48.8% |
2012 | 54.6% |
43.2% |
2008 | 50.3% |
46.9% |
2004 | 55.6% |
42.9% |
Average | 52.2 | 45.8 |
Congressional delegation
The table below displays the partisan composition of North Carolina's congressional delegation as of May 2024.
Congressional Partisan Breakdown from North Carolina | |||
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Party | U.S. Senate | U.S. House | Total |
Democratic | 0 | 4 | 4 |
Republican | 2 | 10 | 12 |
Independent | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Vacancies | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 2 | 14 | 16 |
State executive
The table below displays the officeholders in North Carolina's top four state executive offices as of May 2024.
State executive officials in North Carolina, May 2024 | |
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Office | Officeholder |
Governor | |
Lieutenant Governor | |
Secretary of State | |
Attorney General |
State legislature
North Carolina State Senate
Party | As of February 2024 | |
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Democratic Party | 20 | |
Republican Party | 30 | |
Other | 0 | |
Vacancies | 0 | |
Total | 50 |
North Carolina House of Representatives
Party | As of February 2024 | |
---|---|---|
Democratic Party | 48 | |
Republican Party | 72 | |
Other | 0 | |
Vacancies | 0 | |
Total | 120 |
Trifecta control
The table below shows the state's trifecta status from 1992 until the 2024 election.
North Carolina Party Control: 1992-2024
Fourteen years of Democratic trifectas • Four years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 |
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Governor | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D |
Senate | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
House | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
The table below details demographic data in North Carolina and compares it to the broader United States as of 2022.
Demographic Data for North Carolina | ||
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North Carolina | United States | |
Population | 10,439,388 | 331,449,281 |
Land area (sq mi) | 48,623 | 3,531,905 |
Race and ethnicity** | ||
White | 65% | 65.9% |
Black/African American | 20.9% | 12.5% |
Asian | 3.1% | 5.8% |
Native American | 1% | 0.8% |
Pacific Islander | 0.1% | 0.2% |
Other (single race) | 4% | 6% |
Multiple | 5.9% | 8.8% |
Hispanic/Latino | 10% | 18.7% |
Education | ||
High school graduation rate | 89.4% | 89.1% |
College graduation rate | 33.9% | 34.3% |
Income | ||
Median household income | $66,186 | $75,149 |
Persons below poverty level | 9.5% | 8.8% |
Source: population provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "Decennial Census" (2020). Other figures provided by U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2017-2022). | ||
**Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here. |
Election context
Past elections
The section below details election results for this office in elections dating back to 2012.
2020
General election candidates
- Jen Mangrum (Democratic Party)
- Catherine Truitt (Republican Party) ✔
= candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey
Democratic primary candidates
= candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey
Republican primary candidates
= candidate completed Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection survey
2016
The general election for superintendent of public instruction was held on November 8, 2016.
Mark Johnson defeated incumbent June Atkinson in the North Carolina superintendent of schools election.
North Carolina Superintendent of Schools, 2016 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
Republican | 50.64% | 2,262,274 | ||
Democratic | June Atkinson Incumbent | 49.36% | 2,205,483 | |
Total Votes | 4,467,757 | |||
Source: ABC11 |
2012
Incumbent June Atkinson (D) successfully won re-election, defeating John Tedesco (R) in the November 6, 2012 general election.
North Carolina Superintendent of Public Instruction General Election, 2012 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Party | Candidate | Vote % | Votes | |
Democratic | 54.2% | 2,336,441 | ||
Republican | John Tedesco | 45.8% | 1,971,049 | |
Total Votes | 4,307,490 | |||
Election results via NC State Board of Elections |
See also
North Carolina | State Executive Elections | News and Analysis |
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External links
- Search Google News for this topic
- North Carolina superintendent of public instruction official website
Footnotes
- ↑ Education Week, "The Surprising Contenders for State Superintendent Offices This Year," June 17, 2024
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 NC Newsline, "Mo Green: North Carolina is in a fight for the ‘soul of public education’," March 21, 2024
- ↑ NC Newsline, "Mo Green: North Carolina is in a fight for the ‘soul of public education’," March 21, 2024
- ↑ EdNC, "State superintendent candidates debate for the first time," September 12, 2024
- ↑ Green's 2024 campaign website, "Meet Mo," accessed June 20, 2024
- ↑ ZSR.org, "ZSR Grants and Programs," accessed June 24, 2024
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Morrow's 2024 campaign website, "Meet Michele," accessed June 20, 2024
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Raleigh News & Observer, "Candidate for NC superintendent, Republican Michele Morrow, answers our questions," February 6, 2024
- ↑ Liberty First Grassroots, "About," accessed June 24, 2024
- ↑ Pavement Education Project, "Home," accessed June 24, 2024
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Raleigh News & Observer, "Homeschooling, ‘indoctrination,’ Jan. 6: A look at NC’s new GOP superintendent candidate," March 6, 2024
- ↑ Twitter, "Morrow on March 1, 2024," accessed June 20, 2024
- ↑ Wilmington Star-News, "The race for NC superintendent of public instruction is heating up. Meet the candidates.," April 11, 2024
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Outside Spending," accessed December 12, 2021
- ↑ OpenSecrets.org, "Total Outside Spending by Election Cycle, All Groups," accessed December 12, 2021
- ↑ National Review.com, "Why the Media Hate Super PACs," December 12, 2021
- ↑ Daily Kos, "Daily Kos Elections' presidential results by congressional district for 2020, 2016, and 2012," accessed December 15, 2023
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