Legutóbbi dokumentumok

Összefoglaló : The aim of this paper is to identify key enables, gaps and policy mechanisms that facilitate the creation of quality jobs, promote inclusive economic transformation and ensure that all communities, particularly the most vulnerable, are supported by Just Transition. Drawing on comparative evidence, it analyses how different elements of governance arrangements, financing tools and stakeholder participation shape reskilling, job quality and inclusion. The findings provide policy directions to strengthen the Just Transition policy and legal framework and ensure fair regional labour-market outcomes across regions.

Összefoglaló : The paper assesses the current monetary policy stance of the European Central Bank (ECB). It analyses the factors driving inflation dynamics in the euro area, drawing comparisons with the United States (US). It also analyses inflation differentials across euro-area countries, including the role of energy price dynamics. Finally, the paper assesses the ECB’s monetary policy stance, discusses the recent ECB strategy review and draws out implications for policy and communication in a more uncertain world. This document was provided by the Economic Governance and EMU Scrutiny Unit at the request of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) ahead of the Monetary Dialogue with the ECB President on 6 October 2025.

Összefoglaló : The dollar is likely to lose its dominant position as a world currency. The world will evolve towards a multipolar currency system which includes the euro as one of the significant international currencies. To achieve this status the Capital Markets Union (CMU) should be strengthened. In addition, to counter the dominance of the dollar payment system, the full integration of the national payments systems in the euro area should be pursued. This document was provided by the Economic Governance and EMU Scrutiny Unit at the request of the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) ahead of the Monetary Dialogue with the ECB President on 6 October 2025.

Összefoglaló : This in-depth analysis provides an overview of the reactions of Member States to the Cali Apartments SCI case and analyses challenges and opportunities stemming from short-term rental (STR) regulation. It also reflects on possible EU policy options in the STR field. Building on the briefing by Colomb (2025) on the Regulatory aspects of short-term rentals in the EU, this in-depth analysis examines in more detail the landmark ruling (C-724/18 and C-727/18) in the Cali Apartments SCI case. The ruling by the CJEU recognised the objective of combatting the rental housing shortage as an ‘overriding reason relating to the public interest’ that can justify proportionate measures on STR accommodations.

Összefoglaló : This in-depth analysis discusses the impacts of short-term rentals on access to affordable housing in the EU. It reviews the variety of short-term rental regulations and the challenges to their implementation. It highlights the role that EU legislation plays in influencing the regulation of both short-term rentals and the digital platforms that advertise them..

Összefoglaló : The construction sector plays a key role in fostering economic growth and in ensuring housing affordability. However, the sector faces many challenges. Designing a framework that allows for productivity growth is essential, especially since the labour force is shrinking. Moreover, solutions have to be found for the land shortage issue and the disincentives to renovations for older or low-income households, which are unable to bear investment costs. This in-depth analysis discusses the key challenges of constructing new residential dwellings and renovating existing ones, discusses implications for housing affordability, and presents policy recommendations to address these issues. Housing rehabilitation is also briefly discussed.

Összefoglaló : The aim of this paper is to identify key enables, gaps and policy mechanisms that facilitate the creation of quality jobs, promote inclusive economic transformation and ensure that all communities, particularly the most vulnerable, are supported by Just Transition. Drawing on comparative evidence, it analyses how different elements of governance arrangements, financing tools and stakeholder participation shape reskilling, job quality and inclusion. The findings provide policy directions to strengthen the Just Transition policy and legal framework and ensure fair regional labour-market outcomes across regions.

Összefoglaló : This digest provides a collection of documents prepared by the academia, think tanks, other EU institutions and bodies, as well as stakeholders that can be useful for Members of the European Parliament’s Committee on Budgets to stay informed about the debate concerning the next Multiannual Financial Framework, starting in 2028. The document is produced monthly by the Budgetary Support Unit of DG BUDG and the European Parliamentary Research Service.

Szerzők : SCHWARCZ András, HOPP Balazs

Összefoglaló : Stephanie Lose, Minister for Economic Affairs of Denmark, is participating in the ECON Committee in her capacity of President of the ECOFIN Council during the Danish Presidency (July - December 2025). In accordance with the Treaty of the Union, “Member States shall regard their economic policies as a matter of common concern and shall coordinate them within the Council”. This document provides an overview of the Danish Presidency's priorities in ECON matters, including the Council’s work relating to the implementation of the European Semester for economic coordination, the application of the Recovery and Resilience Facility and other policy streams relevant to the EU single market, notably progress on the Banking Union and the Capital Markets Union.

Szerzők : DE LEMOS PEIXOTO SAMUEL, MAGNUS Marcel, MAZZOCCHI Ronny, SABOL MAJA, LOI GIACOMO, SPITZER Kai Gereon, STIEBER Harald

Összefoglaló : The JURI Committee workshop on monitoring the application of EU law was held on July 15, 2025. It brought together academic experts to explore how the effectiveness of EU law implementation can be assessed and improved. Prof. Dr Helen Xanthaki addressed the quality of legislative drafting and its impact on enforcement. Prof. Dr Sara Drake presented a citizen-centred approach to monitoring. Prof. Dr Hans Schulte-Nölke and Prof. Dr Mary-Rose McGuire jointly analysed the European Commission’s 2023 Annual Report, highlighting shortcomings in transparency and enforcement and proposing improvements in private law monitoring. Prof. Dr Maurizia De Bellis examined enforcement in key policy areas identified by the Letta and Draghi reports. Finally, Prof. Dr Giovanni Sartor discussed how AI tools could support compliance tracking. The workshop provided an interdisciplinary perspective on how law-making, enforcement, and digital innovation intersect in the EU context.

Szerzők : ERMINI ALESSANDRO

Összefoglaló : This study examines how structural labour market inequalities affect women’s mental health in the EU. It highlights the gender pay and pension gaps and new forms of work as drivers of poorer well-being among women. The study identifies fragmented policy responses and recommends coordinated, gender-responsive action across labour, health and gender equality domains.

Összefoglaló : The Delegated Act on low-carbon hydrogen establishes a harmonised, transparent framework, defining fuels in a technology-open way. It is essential for a functioning hydrogen market but does not create demand or financial incentives. Achieving emissions reduction targets will hinge on robust methane emissions measurement and reporting. Costs will remain above unabated hydrogen, shaped mainly by natural gas and electricity prices. This in-depth analysis was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the ITRE Committee.

Szerzők : SANDERSKI ANDRZEJ, SERPIERI Margherita

Összefoglaló : This briefing provides an overview of the global implementation of the Basel III framework. We provide a global overview using information from the Basel Committee and then look in more detail at the progress in the EU, US and UK.

Szerzők : MAZZOCCHI Ronny, SPITZER Kai Gereon

Összefoglaló : Executive Vice-President Fitto and Commissioner Dombrovskis are invited to the 20th Recovery and Resilience Dialogue (RRD), scheduled for 8 September 2025. The RRD is the mechanism by which the European Parliament exercises democratic oversight over the implementation of the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) according to the RRF Regulation. The previous RRD took place on 16 June 2025.

Szerzők : SCHWARCZ András, MAGNUS Marcel, LOI GIACOMO

Összefoglaló : China’s data security and privacy laws – the CSL, DSL, and PIPL – create compliance challenges for European companies, especially SMEs. Strategic ambiguity in legislation allows discretion in enforcement, varying across regions and sectors. Cross-border data transfer rules add complexity, with Hong Kong and Macao implementing their own laws. While US firms face stringent CSL enforcement, cases against European firms under PIPL appear to be less politicised. Influenced by GDPR and Asian cybersecurity models, China’s evolving regime requires European policymakers and businesses to monitor legal changes, enhance communication, and adapt to shifting compliance landscapes. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Összefoglaló : China’s data security and privacy laws – the CSL, DSL, and PIPL – create compliance challenges for European companies, especially SMEs. Strategic ambiguity in legislation allows discretion in enforcement, varying across regions and sectors. Cross-border data transfer rules add complexity, with Hong Kong and Macao implementing their own laws. While US firms face stringent CSL enforcement, cases against European firms under PIPL appear to be less politicised. Influenced by GDPR and Asian cybersecurity models, China’s evolving regime requires European policymakers and businesses to monitor legal changes, enhance communication, and adapt to shifting compliance landscapes. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Összefoglaló : The first panel explored the concept of gender budgeting and its implementation at EU level. The second panel highlighted examples of gender budgeting, offering practical insights into its application. Both panels will be followed by Q&A sessions. The workshop brought together a range of speakers, including independent experts in the field and representatives of the European Institute for Gender Equality and the European Commission, to provide a comprehensive understanding of gender budgeting.

Szerzők : POUWELS Alexandra Cynthia Jana, LINDER JULIA SOFIA VIOLA MARGARETA

Összefoglaló : The cost of banking regulation and the supervisory framework for banks feature prominently in the debate over EU competitiveness. The strong regulation and supervision implemented after the great financial crisis are generally considered a positive for the EU economy, but in the context of the notion of simplification, a discussion is ongoing whether cost reduction is possible without deregulation. To support parliamentary scrutiny of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM), this briefing analyses: - the interaction of simplicity and deregulation; - the ongoing simplification efforts of the ECB / SSM and the European Commission; and - the demands of stakeholders for simplification.

Szerzők : MAZZOCCHI Ronny, SPITZER Kai Gereon

Összefoglaló : The Baltic Sea multiannual plan aimed to shift fisheries management toward long-term, ecosystem-based planning. However, it failed to restore depleted cod and herring stocks due to pre-existing low biomass, worsening environmental conditions, assessment uncertainties, and political non-compliance with scientific advice. The analysis recommends improvements for more effective, regionally adapted future fisheries management in the Baltic Sea.

Összefoglaló : This note describes the treaty provisions and appointment procedure for ECA members at EU level. In addition, it provides information on the national nomination procedure for the ECA member in The Netherlands and the country’s candidate.

Szerzők : MILICEVIC Vera

Összefoglaló : The workshop on the 28th legal regime was held on June 5, 2025 on request of the JURI Committee. Experts presented their findings on various aspects of the establishment of the 28th regime, including hurdles currently experienced by EU companies, EU competences to introduce the 28th regime, necessary safeguards, simplification of registration of companies, and the scope of the 28th regime. The workshop also included an intervention on behalf of the European Commission and the European Economic and Social Committee. These proceedings are prepared by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs for the JURI Committee.

Szerzők : IVANOVA TSVETELINA VENTSISLAVOVA

Összefoglaló : This note describes the treaty provisions and appointment procedure for ECA members at EU level. In addition, it provides information on the national nomination procedure for the ECA member in Luxembourg and the country’s candidate.

Szerzők : MILICEVIC Vera

Összefoglaló : This in-depth analysis explains the statistical nature of generative AI and how training on copyright-protected data results in persistent functional dependencies with respect to the used data. It highlights the challenges of attribution and novelty detection in these high-dimensional models, emphasizing the limitations of current methodologies. The study provides technical recommendations for traceability and output assessment mechanisms. This study is commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Legal Affairs.

Összefoglaló : This study examines the difficulties encountered by the EU in harmonising company law, notwithstanding the considerable expectations of economic operators. It reviews the limitations of earlier initiatives (e.g. the European company (SE), European private company (SPE) and single-member private limited-liability company (SUP)) – whether successful or not – and seeks to draw upon the successful model of the Organisation for the Harmonisation of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). It underscores the importance of having a strict legal framework in place to prevent malpractice arising from forum shopping and ensure fair competition in the single mark.

Összefoglaló : The dismantling of the US Agency for International Development (USAID) by the second Trump administration in 2025 marked a significant shift in US foreign policy. US national interests were prioritised over multilateral development and humanitarian aid, with the decision described by the Trump administration as an alignment of aid with US values. The European Union (EU) and its Member States cannot fully offset these cuts, which will most dramatically affect funding for global health, food security and crisis response. In the past, US and EU approaches to aid targeted different ends: while the EU has focused on sustainable development and peace building, the US emphasised crisis-driven aid. Potential consequences of the US cuts include increased migration, disease proliferation and geopolitical shifts, as China and Russia expand their influence.

Összefoglaló : This in-depth analysis, commissioned by the Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs at the request of the European Parliament’s JURI committee, should be seen in the context of the development of a 28th legal regime, enabling innovative SMEs and start-ups to overcome the fragmentation of the internal market. To what extent can corporate law, insolvency, labour law or taxation in particular be harmonised by one or more voluntary instruments?

Összefoglaló : This study, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Legal Affairs, critically analyses the EU’s evolving approach to regulating civil liability for artificial intelligence systems. In order to avoid regulatory fragmentation between Member States, the study advocates for a strict liability regime targeting high-risk systems, structured around a single responsible operator and grounded in legal certainty, efficiency and harmonisation.

Összefoglaló : The Budgetary Support Unit provide in-house and external expertise to support the BUDG and CONT Committees and other parliamentary bodies in shaping legislation and exercising democratic scrutiny. This catalogue provides a list of BSU publications and workshops for CONT and BUDG committees

Összefoglaló : Assessment of the legal consequences of the Catalan legislation as regards consumer rights

Összefoglaló : Assessment of the consequences of Catalan legislation in light of articles 21 and 22 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union

Összefoglaló : Assessment of the legal and economic consequences of the Catalan legislation as regards free movements of goods and services

Összefoglaló : This briefing assesses the economic, financial, and monetary implications of the tariffs announced by the Trump administration for the EU. Starting with an overview of US measures and EU countermeasures, it analyses the impact on the EU economy across sectors and member states, explains monetary policy challenges for the ECB, and discusses strategic options for European policymakers. As the situation evolves rapidly, the assessment provided in this briefing reflects information available as of 15 July 2025, with updates to follow as developments unfold.

Szerzők : DE LEMOS PEIXOTO SAMUEL, SABOL MAJA, LOI GIACOMO, SPITZER Kai Gereon

Összefoglaló : The implementation timetable for cohesion policy is defined largely by its legislative framework. In order to be able to plan parliamentary work and exercise systematic scrutiny of policy implementation and of the Commission’s work, it is essential to have an overview of the timing of different steps in policy implementation in the coming years. This type of briefing was first published (and subsequently updated) in 2014 covering the 2014-2020 programming period. This version includes the policy actions of the 2021-27 period, while still indicating the last steps of the 2014-20 period. It includes a detailed (but non-exhaustive) timetable of policy actions in 2025, together with an overview of major actions for the remainder of the programming period, from 2026. Given its contribution to cohesion in the European Union, policy actions under the Recovery and Resilience Facility are now included in the calendar. Policy actions related to budgetary and budgetary control aspects are coloured green (for the year 2025).

Szerzők : HAASE Diana

Összefoglaló : This in-depth analysis, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Legal Affairs, examines the scope of the proposed 28th regime. For the 28th regime to be successful, it needs to be user-friendly and widely adopted, thereby fostering trust and investment. Restricting access to 'innovative companies' could create bureaucratic obstacles that would discourage entrepreneurs and investors. Rather than restricting access, the 28th regime should be open to businesses of all kinds and designed to meet the needs of innovative businesses, including those with an exit strategy who wish to attract VC funding and those with a vision of long-term independence. Broad access to most parts of the 28th regime - especially in the area of company law - should be combined with targeted measures to a modular approach.

Összefoglaló : As a complement to the definitions set out in the first part of the Glossary, this second part offers additional analytical insights, including a brief conceptual history of the terms. It examines varied perspectives and illustrates how Performance Budgeting, Mainstreaming, and Conditionality are applied in EU policymaking. By drawing on academic literature, institutional reports, and case-based examples, it aims to support a critical reflection on the related challenges ahead of the 2028-2034 Multiannual Financial Framework.

Szerzők : PADILLA OLIVARES Francisco Javier, POUWELS Alexandra Cynthia Jana

Összefoglaló : After more than two decades of negotiations, the EU and Mercosur reached an initial agreement text (EUMETA) in 2019. Since then, however, several political developments - most notably the increase in deforestation rates in Brazil under President Bolsonaro - have called for further negotiations. Concerns over sustainability led the EU to demand additional commitments and to adopt unilateral instruments, such as the Regulation on Deforestation-free Products (EUDR), which Mercosur perceived as undermining the benefits of the EUMETA 2019. At the same time, escalating geopolitical and economic tensions underscored the strategic importance for trade agreements. The revised EUMETA 2024 presents a balanced compromise: the EU secures strengthened sustainability provisions and protection against potential export duties, while Mercosur gains some linkages to EU unilateral measures on sustainability. These include the possibility of benefiting from risk classification for the EUDR, amendments to the tariff elimination schedule for vehicles, specific safeguards, and options for export duties for selected minerals. Agricultural market access remains largely consistent with EUMETA 2019, with only modest additional quotas for Paraguay. By incorporating multiple protection mechanisms and aligning with complementary EU sustainability policies, EUMETA 2024 aims to address European concerns related to deforestation and competition risks.

Összefoglaló : This report assesses the economic, sustainability and regulatory effects of the trade part of the EU-Mercosur Partnership Agreement (EUMETA), with a focus on developments between the 2019 and 2024 revisions of the agreement. In our assessment, the macroeconomic effects of the agreement remain positive albeit moderate, with most of the gains concentrated in the EU industry. Developments since the 2019 and 2024 iterations of the EUMETA have significantly reduced sustainability-related risks. On the EU side, a suite of unilateral measures reinforces deforestation-free product standards, thereby mitigating potential climate effects, and bolsters labour rights across international value chains, independently of any trade agreement. Meanwhile, CO2 emissions in Mercosur countries have fallen and deforestation rates have declined. Against the backdrop of escalating global trade tensions, the economic and political benefits of EUMETA appear to outweigh the remaining risks. These risks are being managed both through safeguards built into EUMETA and through an array of other instruments beyond the agreement (agricultural support fund and unilateral sustainability measures.

Összefoglaló : This in-depth analysis, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Legal Affairs, explores the proposed 28th company law regime. It highlights the need for a unified, digital-native EU-level company registration system to reduce fragmentation, enhance legal certainty, and support innovation, entrepreneurship, and cross-border growth across the Single Market.

Összefoglaló : This briefing has been prepared for the public hearing with the Chair of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM), Claudia Buch, scheduled for 15 July 2025 in the ECON Committee. Content: 1. Annual Report on Supervisory Activities for 2024 2. Annual Report on Sanctioning Activities in the SSM in 2024 3. ECB sanctions against SEB Baltics 4. The SSM’s simplification efforts 5. ECB’s feedback on Parliament’s Banking Union Annual Report 6. Between prudence and politics: EBA default framework fails to reflect legislative intent 7. National security or economic intervention? The stretching boundaries of golden power 8. New external expertise on (1) competitiveness of European banks and (2) real estate risks 9. Latest Supervisory Banking Statistics (Q4 2024)

Szerzők : MAZZOCCHI Ronny, SPITZER Kai Gereon

Összefoglaló : The JURI Committee workshop on generative AI and copyright was held on June 4, 2025. Prof. Dr. Lucchi presented a study requested by the Committee on the legal aspects of the phenomenon. The complex relationship between copyright and generative AI from the perspective of technological and economic dimensions was addressed by the accompanying expertise of Dr. Axel Brando and Prof. Dr. Peukert, respectively. The workshop included a perspective from the creative sector, as well as a presentation of views from the European Commission. These proceedings are prepared by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs for the JURI Committee.

Szerzők : IVANOVA TSVETELINA VENTSISLAVOVA

Összefoglaló : This briefing outlines recent and past developments concerning Romania’s fiscal situation and the steps taken under the Excessive Deficit Procedure. On 4 June 2025, the Commission issued a recommendation stating that Romania had failed to take effective corrective action. Should the Council adopt a decision in this regard, the Commission would be obliged to propose the suspension of payments or commitments under the ESI Funds and the RRF. Such a suspension could carry significant economic and social repercussions. Finally, this briefing recounts the situation of Spain and Portugal which also faced a suspension of payments in 2016, and highlights the role of the European Parliament in this process.

Szerzők : DE LEMOS PEIXOTO SAMUEL, MAZZOCCHI Ronny

Összefoglaló : On 13 May 2025 the Commission published ten In-Depth Reviews (IDRs) as a follow up to the Alert Mechanism Report (AMR) of 17 December 2024. However, decisions on the existence of imbalances were only made public on 4 June as part of the 2025 Spring Package of the European Semester. The present note discusses those reviews and how they interact with other surveillance mechanisms such as the Excessive Deficit Procedure (EDP) and Post-Programme Surveillance (PPS) for Member States that have received Union financial assistance in the context of a macroeconomic adjustment programme.

Szerzők : MAZZOCCHI Ronny, STIEBER Harald

Összefoglaló : The traceability of critical raw materials along the supply chain is pivotal in meeting wider public demands for corporate sustainability and complying with relevant regulations from the European Union that contain requirements for responsible sourcing and the transparency of supply chains. This paper serves as a technical and logistical primer on traceability mechanisms, focusing on upstream mining in Africa – the part of a mineral supply chain from extraction to transformation. It compares and classifies the industry’s existing approaches to traceability based on the minerals targeted, implementation mechanisms, the use of technology and validity. Emphasis is placed on functional mechanisms, benefits and challenges. Particular attention is paid to comparing industrial methods with artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) approaches. ASM, which forms a significant proportion of the market of specific critical raw materials, is the most exposed to abuse but has high rates of livelihood dependence and developmental potential. This paper makes recommendations on: the complementarity, interoperability and integration of initiatives; the role of state and non-state actors for compliance and enforcement; and the potential for including ASM.

Összefoglaló : This note provides an overview of the European Commission’s assessment of the implementation of the country-specific recommendations issued annually to EU Member States under the European Semester for economic policy coordination. It presents how their implementation has been assessed over time (during 2011-2025 European Semester cycles), both from an annual and a multiannual perspective. The note is updated on a regular basis.

Szerzők : LOI GIACOMO, ANTONINI LEONARDO

Összefoglaló : This briefing analyses the implementation of the new economic governance framework in its first year of application. In particular, after discussing recent economic developments (Section 1), it assess results and roll-out of the new framework of fiscal coordination and surveillance as reported by the Commission in its 2025 Spring Package (Section 2). It also describes the current state of play on the implementation of the national escape clause for defence spending (Section 3) before focusing on the current excessive deficit procedures (Section 4).

Szerzők : DE LEMOS PEIXOTO SAMUEL, MAZZOCCHI Ronny, SABOL MAJA, LOI GIACOMO, ANTONINI LEONARDO

Összefoglaló : This briefing has been prepared for the public hearing with the Chair of the Single Resolution Board (SRB), Dominique Laboureix, scheduled for 15 July 2025 in the ECON Committee. Content: 1. SRB’s 2024 Annual Report 2. Regular reporting on MREL (Q4 2024) 3. End 2024 resolvability assessment 4. New external expertise on (1) banks’ competitiveness and (2) real estate risks 5. Consultation on valuation capabilities 6. Consultation on resolvability testing for banks 7. Updated guidance on trading books 8. Deal reached in trilogues on CMDI 9. Investment funds and bail-in instruments: structural vulnerabilities in the EU resolution framework

Szerzők : MAZZOCCHI Ronny, SPITZER Kai Gereon

Összefoglaló : This digest provides a collection of documents prepared by academia, think tanks, other EU institutions and bodies, as well as stakeholders, that can be useful for Members of the European Parliament’s Committee on Budgets to stay informed about the debate concerning the next Multiannual Financial Framework, starting in 2028. The document is produced on a monthly basis by the Budgetary Support Unit of DG BUDG and the European Parliamentary Research Service.

Szerzők : SCHWARCZ András, HOPP Balazs

Összefoglaló : This document provides an overview of all country-specific recommendations for 2025 as proposed by the Commission on 4 June 2024 and agreed by the Council on 8 July 2025.

Szerzők : LOI GIACOMO, ANTONINI LEONARDO

Összefoglaló : This research paper examines the evolving landscape of digital trade and its impact on small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the European Union (EU). As digitalisation transforms global commerce, EU SMEs face significant opportunities as well as regulatory and competitive challenges. The study highlights key digital policy approaches, and in that context situates the current EU practice and commitments in international trade agreements affecting cross-border data flows, digital platforms and market access. The research highlights that while digital trade lowers costs and expands opportunities, complex compliance requirements and regulatory fragmenta¬tion hinder SME competitiveness. The study contrasts the EU’s rights-based approach to digital governance with the market-driven framework of the United States and the state-controlled model of China. To enhance SME participation in digital trade, the paper recommends a coordinated whole-of-government approach to digital regulation, stronger EU leadership in global trade negotiations, tailored SME provisions in trade agreements and expanded support for digital innovation and skills.

Összefoglaló : This study examines how generative AI challenges core principles of EU copyright law. It highlights the legal mismatch between AI training practices and current text and data mining exceptions, and the uncertain status of AI-generated content. These developments pose structural risks for the future of creativity in Europe, where a rich and diverse cultural heritage depends on the continued protection and fair remuneration of authors. The report calls for clear rules on input/output distinctions, harmonised opt-out mechanisms, transparency obligations, and equitable licensing models. To balance innovation and authors’ rights, the European Parliament is expected to lead reforms that reflect the evolving realities of creativity, authorship, and machine-generated expression. This study was commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Legal Affairs.

Összefoglaló : This in-depth analysis, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Legal Affairs, assesses the potential drivers and rationale for a possible 28th Regime as proposed in the Letta Report. The 28th Regime seeks to enable firms who wish to do so to operate under a new business law codified at European level. The intent is to enable firms, especially SMEs and innovative firms, to operate without friction across all EU Member States.

Összefoglaló : The dollar has been the dominant global currency and the anchor of the international monetary system for over 80 years. The euro, once seen as a legitimate contender for this role, has largely stagnated in second place. This paper explains recent policy and other developments that have reinvigorated the debate about global currency dominance and discusses the viability of the dollar’s continued dominance. It then explores different possible scenarios and policy gaps that would need to be addressed for the euro to play a more prominent international role.

Szerzők : RAKIC Drazen, ANTONINI LEONARDO

Összefoglaló : This study offers an in-depth examination of the European Union’s (EU) trade defence instruments (TDI), focusing on their evolution, implementation and impact on industries, particularly small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). It takes stock of the European Commission’s trade defence activities and critically examines existing TDI. It highlights procedural complexities, including investigation timelines and provisional measures, alongside the unique challenges SMEs face in accessing TDI. It includes a short empirical analysis of the activity of EU trade defence measures and explores sector-specific dynamics, with examples from steel, ceramics and renewable energy industries, illustrating the protective and adaptive role of TDI against unfair global trade practices such as dumping and subsidies. Comparative insights into international practices from the USA, China and India further contextualise EU approaches.

Összefoglaló : The Committee on Budgetary Control (CONT) held a public hearing on 26 June 2025 to assess the impact of the EU Budget on the Member States that joined the EU since 2004. This briefing provided background information about the economic and social situation of countries that have joined the EU since 2004, as well as some lessons learned that can inform policy-makers when designing spending programmes for a newly enlarged EU in the future

Szerzők : HAASE Diana

Összefoglaló : This paper analyses the geopolitical implications of the Agreement between the European Union and the Southern Common Market (Mercosur), focusing on its potential for enhanced interregional cooperation. It explores how this agreement aligns with each region’s strategic interests, expanding on opportunities that arise while remaining realistic about the likelihood of implementation. This assessment takes place in a fluid geopolitical context, characterised by the United States of America’s major revision of the post-1945 world order, an increasing assertiveness displayed by China and Russia and a relative decline of Europe and Latin America both in terms of economic output and contributions to global governance. The paper concludes by discussing various ratification scenarios and offering a set of policy recommendations.

Összefoglaló : The Committee on Budgetary Control (CONT) held a public hearing on 26 June 2025 to assess the impact of the EU Budget on the Member States that joined the EU since 2004.This briefing provided background information about the governance and financial management of cohesion policy funds, and some key factors influencing programme performance at Member State level.

Összefoglaló : This paper provides an overview of both long-standing and new legal and policy developments concerning Environmental Human Rights Defenders (EHRDs). The focus is on four major components: i) observing different approaches and understandings about EHRDs; ii) analysing the content of international obligations concerning EHRDs and mechanisms for reviewing implementation and accountability; iii) discussing the opportunities and challenges of using European Union (EU) instruments to advance the realisation of EHRDs’ rights; and iv) exploring EU collaboration with other regions on environmental democracy and EHRDs’ rights. The paper reports on recent vital breakthroughs, driven partly by EHRDs, including recognition of the right to a healthy environment by the United Nations, as well as progress from voluntary guidelines to binding provisions on human rights and sustainability due diligence. Yet, contrary to the principles of non-regression and progression, the paper also shows that key legal and institutional advances are at risk of being weakened or even reversed. Recommendations are provided for the EU to strengthen the realisation of EHRDs’ rights and their role as custodians of the right to a healthy environment, not only for themselves but also for others who cannot raise their voices, namely future generations and other living beings.

Összefoglaló : The purpose of this briefing is to provide support to the European Parliament delegation to the 13th session of the United Nations High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, taking place 14-23 July 2025 at the United Nations (UN) Headquarters, under the auspices of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). The briefing provides an overview of the progress made on the SDG implementation by the global community and the EU, as well as key issues at stake in the meeting. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the Committee on on the Environment, Climate and Food Safety (ENVI).

Összefoglaló : This briefing has been prepared by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Citizens, Equality and Culture at the request of the FEMM Committee, in the framework of the workshop ‘Consent-based rape legislation in the EU’ (organised on 19 May 2025). It provides a brief overview of literature and guidance as regards understanding consent, and highlights examples of evidence-based consent education and awareness raising initiatives.

Összefoglaló : The current US administration promotes dollar-backed stablecoins—privately issued and supported by US debt—to reinforce dollar dominance worldwide, a strategy we dub “cryptomercantilism.” This report studies the EU’s 2024 Markets in Crypto Assets Regulation (MiCAR) and its safeguards for the EU’s monetary sovereignty. It also compares MiCAR to the proposed GENIUS Act in the US. Under existing policies, USD stablecoins create severe risks for third countries, indirectly also affecting the EU. The EU should counter digital dollarisation by promoting the international role of the euro in a context of enhanced multilateral payment systems.

Összefoglaló : In this paper, we analyse potential impacts that dollar-denominated stablecoins could have on monetary policy. We also consider related questions about the introduction of the digital euro. Based on our findings, the adoption of stablecoins in Europe is unlikely to be large-scale without state support. The development of the digital euro with full state and central bank backing is more likely to succeed. To be a viable alternative to private payment options, the digital euro needs to be carefully designed.

Összefoglaló : In this paper, we review the recent economic outlook, policy decisions and communication of the ECB against the backdrop of growing uncertainty. First, inflation heterogeneity has receded with inflation, thus contributing to facilitating the design of monetary policy. Second, monetary easing is somewhat dampened by the reduction in ECB’s balance sheet. Third, ECB has chosen to foreground uncertainty more explicitly in its public-facing communication, potentially as a tool to manage expectations and signal caution to a broader audience.

Összefoglaló : This paper examines ECB monetary policy amid rising international uncertainty. We focus on three global risks: renewed trade protectionism, euro appreciation, and US fiscal fragility. Using inflation forecasts and survey data, we evaluate the ECB’s evolving policy framework. A potential US fiscal crisis poses risks but also creates an opportunity for Europe to supply a global safe asset. We argue that a European Debt Agency issuing common debt could mitigate contagion and enhance Europe’s financial sovereignty.

Összefoglaló : In this issue... • ECB cuts policy rates by 25 bps in June • Despite shifts away from dollar, investors demand more gold than euros • Rise of stablecoins and crypto assets may pose challenges to monetary authorities, possibly implying a role for CBDCs • Monetary Policy Expert Panel overall deems current policy stance as adequate • Fed keeps rates on hold amid ongoing clashes between Powell and Trump.

Szerzők : MAZZOCCHI Ronny, SABOL MAJA, LOI GIACOMO

Összefoglaló : This paper presents the aggregated results of a survey conducted among Members of the Monetary Policy Expert Panel (MPEP) ahead of the June 2025 Monetary Dialogue with ECB President Christine Lagarde. The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the survey respondents and should not be attributed to the European Parliament or its services.

Szerzők : MAZZOCCHI Ronny, SABOL MAJA, LOI GIACOMO, ANTONINI LEONARDO

Összefoglaló : In light of the upcoming review of the European Central Bank’s monetary policy strategy, this briefing highlights the strategic relevance of a frequently underestimated component of the central banking toolkit: the collateral framework. While it typically attracts less attention than interest rate decisions or balance sheet policies, the framework plays a key role in shaping liquidity conditions and influencing market incentives by setting the eligibility criteria and terms for assets used in central bank operations. This paper examines its significance, particularly with regard to green and sovereign bonds, and underscores its often-neglected political implications, along with the need for greater transparency and scrutiny.

Szerzők : MAZZOCCHI Ronny, ANTONINI LEONARDO

Összefoglaló : We discuss the possible effects of the US administration’s Digital Assets Strategy (DAS), on the US and Europe. If pursued consistently over time, DAS would tend to weaken the Fed’s payments oversight and monetary control mechanisms, with possible adverse consequences including for the dollar’s international role. Europe’s monetary sovereignty is unlikely to be affected. To ensure that it is indeed the case, the EU crypto markets regulation (MiCA) and the euro’s legal tender status may need strengthening. While wholesale CBDCs would benefit the cross-border payment infrastructure, the digital euro in itself would not contribute significantly to protecting Europe’s monetary sovereignty.

Összefoglaló : This paper assesses the European Central Bank (ECB)’s monetary policy stance as of June 2025, analysing its evolving interest rate path, balance sheet developments, and communication strategy. It highlights the transition toward a neutral policy rate, ongoing quantitative tightening, persistent inflation dispersion, and increasing macroeconomic uncertainty. The analysis concludes that while inflation is converging toward target, elevated uncertainty, and divergence between interest rate policy and balance sheet reduction demand cautious calibration and transparent communication.

Összefoglaló : This study of Reporting Obligations was commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs at the request of the JURI Committee. It provides an overview of regulatory reporting and disclosure overlaps that businesses face across the recently enacted Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD), the Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD), and the EU Taxonomy. It provides recommendations on how to mitigate the burdens caused by these overlaps, together with a preliminary assessment of the Commission’s efforts to reduce burdens in the proposed Omnibus Directives.

Összefoglaló : This interdisciplinary report focuses on tax barriers to cross-border mobility of workers in the EU. Tax fragmentation creates multiple negative impacts on the EU Internal Market, and compliance costs vary considerably across size, industries and countries. Further, employees’ choice of host country may be distorted by the tax differential. The report concludes with specific policy recommendations for more tax harmonisation and coordination, and for simplified compliance requirements.

Összefoglaló : Executive Vice-President Fitto and Commissioner Dombrovskis are invited to the 19th Recovery and Resilience Dialogue (RRD) under the Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) Regulation, scheduled for 16 June 2025. The previous RRD took place on 31 March 2025.

Szerzők : SCHWARCZ András, DE LEMOS PEIXOTO SAMUEL, LOI GIACOMO, ANTONINI LEONARDO

Összefoglaló : This study analyses the development, costs, future potential, and role of Direct Air Capture (DAC) and subsequent storage (DACCS) technologies in Europe’s decarbonisation strategy. While current costs are high and uncertain, DAC and DACCS are expected to become more economically viable through technological improvements and scaling. Given the environmental trade-offs of various CO₂ removal methods under development, including DACCS, a diverse portfolio will be needed. Our study shows that DAC and DACCS can play a key enabling role in achieving the EU’s net-zero targets — provided that clear policies, financial incentives, streamlined regulation, and sustained investment in R&D are in place, alongside access to affordable renewable energy, proximity to CO₂ storage sites, skilled labour, and shared infrastructure. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Összefoglaló : This study analyses the development, costs, future potential, and role of Direct Air Capture (DAC) and subsequent storage (DACCS) technologies in Europe’s decarbonisation strategy. While current costs are high and uncertain, DAC and DACCS are expected to become more economically viable through technological improvements and scaling. Given the environmental trade-offs of various CO₂ removal methods under development, including DACCS, a diverse portfolio will be needed. Our study shows that DAC and DACCS can play a key enabling role in achieving the EU’s net-zero targets — provided that clear policies, financial incentives, streamlined regulation, and sustained investment in R&D are in place, alongside access to affordable renewable energy, proximity to CO₂ storage sites, skilled labour, and shared infrastructure. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health at the request of the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE).

Összefoglaló : Transnational repression arises when foreign governments reach across national borders to coerce, control and silence individuals in other countries using a broad range of methods, ranging from digital surveillance to extraterritorial killings. Amongst the primary targets of transnational repression are human rights defenders, whose advocacy is perceived by repressive regimes as a threat to their interests and power. As a result, human rights defenders fleeing persecution or other forms of repression at home are now facing increasing danger even though they have moved abroad. The practice of transnational repression negatively impacts every level of society, from individual rights to national security and democratic institutions. This paper presents global trends in transnational repression against human rights defenders, focusing on human rights impacts and curtailment of civic space. It examines the human rights obligations of European Union (EU) Member States as host countries to address transnational repression and outlines some of the emerging policy responses by governments worldwide. The paper also examines how current EU legal and policy frameworks and instruments could be applied to counter transnational repression and provides recommendations for improving protection for the human rights defenders.

Összefoglaló : This study provides a mapping of the existing financial sector taxes applied in EU Member States and summarises the empirical evidence on the various effects associated with individual financial sector taxes. It focuses on the taxation of financial transactions, bank taxes, and the taxation of financial services. Financial sector taxes are assessed in terms of their effect on fragmentation and the coherence of the EU financial sector. The study also sketches some directions for reform to improve coherence of financial sector taxation.

Összefoglaló : This study focuses on the recent development of the market for plant-based seafood substitutes and the challenges that it has generated for the EU fisheries sector in terms of labelling. The study shows that potentially non-compliant marketing strategies indeed exist on a large scale, and provides an overview of national initiatives to tackle such issues. Finally, it proposes some adjustments to the current EU legal framework, to ensure that the labelling of novel products provides accurate information to consumers.

Összefoglaló : Following more than twelve months’ discussion in the Council, the European Union’s Global Human Rights Sanctions Regime was adopted in December 2020 – a cause for celebration in the human rights community. Having been designed to address human rights violations as well as abuses and corruption worldwide, its adoption followed enactment of the Global Magnitsky legislation in the United States of America. This was part of a wave towards similar legislation being enacted in the Western world. Yet even though the list of designations under this regime has grown, little is known about its impact and effectiveness. Hence, this paper analyses trends in the regime’s designations and implementation, evaluating its efficacy in the achievement of goals.

Összefoglaló : Petition No. 1407/2023, submitted by David Gutierrez Prieto on behalf of the Confederacion Espanola de Policia (CEP), led the PETI Committee to organise a fact-finding visit to Spain, in the towns of Algeciras and Barbate. The petition raises concerns about the fundamental and labour rights of police officers in Spain and in the EU and calls for police work to be recognised as a risk profession across Member States.

Szerzők : GARCIA TAMARA Isabel, CHIFAN Andreea Simona, VINSON Katharina, AMBROSIO ILENIA

Összefoglaló : This study focuses on the recent development of the market for plant-based seafood substitutes and the challenges that it has generated for the EU fisheries sector in terms of labelling. The study shows that potentially non-compliant marketing strategies indeed exist on a large scale, and provides an overview of national initiatives to tackle such issues. Finally, it proposes some adjustments to the current EU legal framework, to ensure that the labelling of novel products provides accurate information to consumers.