The legal arguments advanced in the majority opinion of Plessy v. Ferguson were: (1) separate but equal laws do not violate the Thirteenth Amendment, which eliminated slavery in the United States, because they do not have the effect of designating African Americans as slaves, and (2) separate but equal laws do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment, because they afford equal protection under the law by requiring public accommodations and services for African Americans to be equal to those for white Americans. The legal arguments advanced in the dissenting opinion of Plessy v. Ferguson were: (1) separate but equal laws violate the Thirteenth Amendment, because they presuppose—and are universally understood to presuppose—the inferiority of African Americans, which effectively applies a badge of servitude upon them, and (2) separate but equal laws violate the Fourteenth Amendment, because their obvious purpose is not to ensure equal accommodations and services for African Americans and white Americans but rather to prevent African Americans from mixing with white Americans, thus limiting the former’s personal freedom.