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Sustainable Livestock Solutions: Addressing Carbon Footprint Challenges from Indian and Global Perspectives

Author

Listed:
  • Hari Abdul Samad

    (Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India)

  • Vineeth Kumar Eshwaran

    (Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India)

  • Suhana Parvin Muquit

    (Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India)

  • Lokesh Sharma

    (Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India)

  • Hemavathi Arumugam

    (Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India)

  • Lata Kant

    (Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India)

  • Zikra Fatima

    (Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India)

  • Khan Sharun

    (Graduate Institute of Medicine, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan)

  • Madhusoodan Aradotlu Parameshwarappa

    (Division of Temperate Animal Husbandry, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Mukteswar 263138, India)

  • Shyma Kanirawther Latheef

    (Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India)

  • Vikrant Singh Chouhan

    (Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India)

  • Vijay Prakash Maurya

    (Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India)

  • Gyanendra Singh

    (Division of Physiology & Climatology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India)

  • Karun Kaniyamattam

    (Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable Livestock Systems Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA)

Abstract
The rising environmental temperatures and growing global demand for animal protein pose major challenges to sustainable livestock production, highlighting the urgent need for climate change mitigation strategies. The livestock system in different parts of the world, especially in developing and underdeveloped nations, holds a significant role in supporting the livelihoods and nutritional security of millions, yet climate change is jeopardizing its efficiency and exacerbating its carbon footprint. This increase in carbon footprint is an alarming challenge for global sustainability, which needs to be addressed meticulously with fruitful outcomes. As the world’s largest livestock hub, the Indian livestock system can be adopted as a model for understanding the challenges and opportunities within the livestock system to develop sustainable approaches. In 2022, India accounted for approximately 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHGEs), with a total of 3.9 billion metric tons of CO 2 e. This review provides updated insights on the livestock-related carbon footprint, sustainability-enhancing technologies, GHG estimation models, and strategies for climate-neutral livestock production. Emission estimation models are categorized into source-based and whole-farm models for a comprehensive assessment of emissions. Mitigation strategies for cattle include rumen modification, nutritional approaches, efficient manure management, and precision livestock farming. India’s commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2070 is reflected in various initiatives aimed at promoting sustainable livestock systems. Future perspectives emphasize decision modeling and climate-resilient technologies to address environmental challenges in alignment with the UN’s sustainable development goals.

Suggested Citation

  • Hari Abdul Samad & Vineeth Kumar Eshwaran & Suhana Parvin Muquit & Lokesh Sharma & Hemavathi Arumugam & Lata Kant & Zikra Fatima & Khan Sharun & Madhusoodan Aradotlu Parameshwarappa & Shyma Kanirawthe, 2025. "Sustainable Livestock Solutions: Addressing Carbon Footprint Challenges from Indian and Global Perspectives," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-34, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:5:p:2105-:d:1602394
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Fan Jiao & Lili Nie & Jiayuan Shao & Ying Wang & Yihan Du & Xiaofeng Guo & Hong Feng & Zhenyu Liu, 2023. "Water Footprint Analysis of Sheep and Goat from Various Production Systems in Northern China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-17, July.
    2. Edenise Garcia & Fábio Sampaio Vianna Ramos Filho & Giovanni Matheus Mallmann & Francisco Fonseca, 2017. "Costs, Benefits and Challenges of Sustainable Livestock Intensification in a Major Deforestation Frontier in the Brazilian Amazon," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(1), pages 1-17, January.
    3. Abha Chhabra & K. Manjunath & Sushma Panigrahy & J. Parihar, 2013. "Greenhouse gas emissions from Indian livestock," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 117(1), pages 329-344, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

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