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Exploring the design space of PV-plus-battery system configurations under evolving grid conditions

Author

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  • Schleifer, Anna H.
  • Murphy, Caitlin A.
  • Cole, Wesley J.
  • Denholm, Paul
Abstract
In this study, we explore how the energy and capacity values of coupled systems comprising solar photovoltaic arrays and battery storage (PV-plus-battery systems) could evolve over time based on the evolution of the bulk power system. Using a price-taker model with simulated hourly energy and capacity prices projected from the present to 2050, we simulate the revenue-maximizing dispatch of a range of DC-coupled PV-plus-battery configurations in three locations in the United States. These configurations are defined by the inverter loading ratio (ILR, the ratio of the PV array capacity to the inverter capacity, which we vary from 1.4 to 2.6) and the battery-inverter ratio (BIR, the ratio of the battery power capacity to the inverter capacity, which we vary from 0.25 to 1.0). Based on each configuration’s total value, we estimate the breakeven costs needed to justify each incremental increase in ILR (holding BIR constant) or BIR (holding ILR constant). We find that, in a future with low-cost renewable energy technologies, PV-plus-battery system ILRs can be economically increased to around 2.0–2.4 at a BIR of 1.0, depending on solar resource. Our results indicate that a likely evolution of PV-plus-battery system design will be increasingly greater battery power capacity to mitigate the declining PV capacity value, which will, in turn, enable increasingly higher ILRs to further increase energy value. The extent to which PV-plus-systems will be deployed with increasingly higher ILRs depends primarily on whether PV cost declines outpace declining value and increasing curtailment over time.

Suggested Citation

  • Schleifer, Anna H. & Murphy, Caitlin A. & Cole, Wesley J. & Denholm, Paul, 2022. "Exploring the design space of PV-plus-battery system configurations under evolving grid conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 308(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:308:y:2022:i:c:s0306261921015890
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118339
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Cited by:

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    2. Zhang, Yijie & Ma, Tao & Yang, Hongxing, 2022. "Grid-connected photovoltaic battery systems: A comprehensive review and perspectives," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 328(C).
    3. Harrison-Atlas, Dylan & Murphy, Caitlin & Schleifer, Anna & Grue, Nicholas, 2022. "Temporal complementarity and value of wind-PV hybrid systems across the United States," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 201(P1), pages 111-123.
    4. Kim, James Hyungkwan & Millstein, Dev & Wiser, Ryan & Mulvaney-Kemp, Julie, 2024. "Renewable-battery hybrid power plants in congested electricity markets: Implications for plant configuration," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 232(C).
    5. Eikeland, Odin Foldvik & Kelsall, Colin C. & Buznitsky, Kyle & Verma, Shomik & Bianchi, Filippo Maria & Chiesa, Matteo & Henry, Asegun, 2023. "Power availability of PV plus thermal batteries in real-world electric power grids," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 348(C).
    6. Ikäheimo, Jussi & Lindroos, Tomi J. & Kiviluoma, Juha, 2023. "Impact of climate and geological storage potential on feasibility of hydrogen fuels," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 342(C).

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