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Water affordability and human right to water implications in California

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  • Jessica J Goddard
  • Isha Ray
  • Carolina Balazs
Abstract
Water affordability is central to water access but remains a challenge to measure. California enshrined the human right to safe and affordable water in 2012 but the question remains: how should water affordability be measured across the state? This paper contributes to this question in three steps. First, we identify key dimensions of water affordability measures (including scale, volume of water needed to meet ‘basic’ needs, and affordability criteria) and a cross-cutting theme (social equity). Second, using these dimensions, we develop three affordability ratios measured at the water system scale for households with median, poverty level, and deep poverty (i.e., half the poverty level) incomes and estimate the corresponding percentage of households at these income levels. Using multiple measures conveys a fuller picture of affordability given the known limitations of specific affordability measures. Third, we analyze our results disaggregated by a key characteristic of water system vulnerability–water system size. We find that water is relatively affordable for median income households. However, we identify high unaffordability for households in poverty in a large fraction of water systems. We identify several scenarios with different policy implications for the human right to water, such as very small systems with high water bills and low-income households within large water systems. We also characterize how data gaps complicate theoretical ideals and present barriers in human right to water monitoring efforts. This paper presents a systematic approach to measuring affordability and represents the first statewide assessment of water affordability within California’s community water systems.

Suggested Citation

  • Jessica J Goddard & Isha Ray & Carolina Balazs, 2021. "Water affordability and human right to water implications in California," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(1), pages 1-24, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0245237
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245237
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee & Elvira Morella, 2011. "Africa's Water and Sanitation Infrastructure : Access, Affordability, and Alternatives," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 2276.
    2. REYNAUD Arnaud, 2006. "Assessing the impact of public regulation and private participation on water affordability for poor households: An empirical investigation of the French case," LERNA Working Papers 06.09.202, LERNA, University of Toulouse.
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    4. Janice A. Beecher, 2020. "Policy Note: A Universal Equity–Efficiency Model for Pricing Water," Water Economics and Policy (WEP), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 6(03), pages 1-29, July.
    5. Pierce, Gregory & Chow, Nicholas & DeShazo, J.R., 2020. "The case for state-level drinking water affordability programs: Conceptual and empirical evidence from California," Utilities Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
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