Houston Independent School District elections (2017)
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Six of the nine seats on the Houston Independent School District Board of Education in Texas were up for by-district general election on November 7, 2017. Candidates in Districts I and III advanced to a runoff election scheduled for December 9, 2017, after no candidate received a majority of the vote. The District III seat was up for special election to fill an unexpired term following the death of Manuel Rodriguez Jr.[1] The incumbents in Districts VI, VIII, and IX filed for re-election, while the incumbents in Districts I and V opted not to seek additional terms.[2][3][4]
In District I, newcomer Elizabeth Santos defeated fellow newcomer Gretchen Himsl. They defeated Monica Richart in the general election. In District III, newcomer Sergio Lira won against Jesse Rodriguez in the runoff election. They defeated Carlos Perrett and Rodolfo Reyes in the general election.[5]
Newcomer Sue Deigaard defeated three other newcomers—Kara DeRocha, Sean Cheben, and Susan Shafer—for the open District V seat. District VI incumbent Holly Maria Flynn Vilaseca defeated challengers Daniel Albert and Robert Lundin for the seat with 50.42 percent of the vote. Incumbent Anne Sung defeated challenger John Luman in the District VII election. District IX incumbent Wanda Adams defeated challengers Karla Brown and Gerry Monroe.[2][3]
The winners of the 2017 race were faced with the possibility of state oversight. Under Texas law, if one school is classified as Improvement Required for five consecutive years, the Texas commissioner of education has the option of appointing a board of managers to oversee the entire school district. As of the 2017 election, 10 schools within the Houston Independent School District had been classified as Improvement Required for three or more consecutive years.[6][7]
In June 2017, the board of education approved the 2017-2018 school year budget with eight of nine trustees voting yes. The budget marked the first time the school district owed more money to the state than it received from the state, and it included a deficit of over $100 million. The district planned to use its emergency funds to make up the difference.[8][9]
Himsl, Perrett, Rodriguez, Shafer, DeRocha, Albert, and Luman participated in Ballotpedia's 2017 survey of school board candidates. Click here to read their responses.
Elections
Voter and candidate information
The Houston Independent School District Board of Education consists of nine members elected by district to staggered four-year terms. The general election for Districts I, V, VI, VII, and IX and the special election for District III were scheduled for November 7, 2017. A runoff election for Districts I and III was scheduled for December 9, 2017.
Candidates were required to file for election by August 21, 2017. Each candidate had to be at least 18 years old, a registered voter, a resident of the state for at least 12 months, and a resident of the district for at least six months.[10]
To cast a ballot in the election, citizens had to register to vote by October 10, 2017. For information on the voter identification requirements in Texas, please click here.
Candidates and results
District I
Runoff results
| Houston Independent School District, District I Runoff Election, 4-year term, 2017 |
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| Candidate | Vote % | Votes |
 Elizabeth Santos |
60.60% | 2,506 |
| Gretchen Himsl | 39.40% | 1,629 |
| Total Votes | 4,135 | |
| Source: Harris County, Texas, "Cumulative Report — Official: Harris County, Texas — Joint Runoff Election — December 09, 2017," accessed September 19, 2019 | ||
Runoff Candidates
This symbol, 
| Gretchen Himsl
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Elizabeth Santos | ||
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General results
| Houston Independent School District, District I General Election, 4-year term, 2017 |
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| Candidate | Vote % | Votes |
| Elizabeth Santos |
44.80% | 3,994 |
| Gretchen Himsl |
34.04% | 3,035 |
| Monica Richart | 21.16% | 1,887 |
| Total Votes | 8,916 | |
| Source: Harris County, Texas, "Cumulative Report - Official," accessed November 22, 2017 | ||
General candidates
This symbol,
| Gretchen Himsl |
Monica Richart | Elizabeth Santos | |||
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District III
Runoff results
| Houston Independent School District, District III Runoff Election, 2-year term, 2017 |
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| Candidate | Vote % | Votes |
| Sergio Lira |
57.01% | 854 |
| Jesse Rodriguez | 42.99% | 644 |
| Total Votes | 1,498 | |
| Source: Harris County, Texas, "Cumulative Report — Official: Harris County, Texas — Joint Runoff Election — December 09, 2017," accessed September 19, 2019 | ||
Runoff candidates
This symbol,
| Sergio Lira |
Jesse Rodriguez
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General results
| Houston Independent School District, District III Special Election, 2-year term, 2017 |
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| Candidate | Vote % | Votes |
| Jesse Rodriguez |
39.92% | 1,247 |
| Sergio Lira |
33.74% | 1,054 |
| Rodolfo Reyes | 14.05% | 439 |
| Carlos Perrett | 12.29% | 384 |
| Total Votes | 3,124 | |
| Source: Harris County, Texas, "Cumulative Report - Official," accessed November 22, 2017 | ||
General candidates
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| Sergio Lira |
Carlos Perrett
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| Rodolfo Reyes | Jesse Rodriguez | ||
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District V
Results
| Houston Independent School District, District V General Election, 4-year term, 2017 |
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| Candidate | Vote % | Votes |
| Sue Deigaard |
51.40% | 5,599 |
| Susan Shafer | 16.58% | 1,806 |
| Kara DeRocha | 16.18% | 1,762 |
| Sean Cheben | 15.84% | 1,725 |
| Total Votes | 10,892 | |
| Source: Harris County, Texas, "Cumulative Report - Official," accessed November 22, 2017 | ||
Candidates
This symbol,
| Kara DeRocha
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Sean Cheben | ||
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| Sue Deigaard |
Susan Shafer
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District VI
Results
| Houston Independent School District, District VI General Election, 4-year term, 2017 |
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| Candidate | Vote % | Votes |
| Holly Maria Flynn Vilaseca Incumbent |
50.42% | 3,260 |
| Robert Lundin | 35.01% | 2,264 |
| Daniel Albert | 14.57% | 942 |
| Total Votes | 6,466 | |
| Source: Harris County, Texas, "Cumulative Report - Official," accessed November 22, 2017 | ||
Candidates
This symbol,
| Daniel Albert
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Holly Maria Flynn Vilaseca |
Robert Lundin | |||
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District VII
Results
| Houston Independent School District, District VII General Election, 4-year term, 2017 |
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| Candidate | Vote % | Votes |
| Anne Sung Incumbent |
61.64% | 7,108 |
| John Luman | 38.36% | 4,424 |
| Total Votes | 11,532 | |
| Source: Harris County, Texas, "Cumulative Report - Official," accessed November 22, 2017 | ||
Candidates
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| John Luman
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Anne Sung | ||
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District IX
Results
| Houston Independent School District, District IX General Election, 4-year term, 2017 |
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| Candidate | Vote % | Votes |
| Wanda Adams Incumbent |
68.43% | 5,575 |
| Karla Brown | 24.22% | 1,973 |
| Gerry Monroe | 7.35% | 599 |
| Total Votes | 8,147 | |
| Source: Harris County, Texas, "Cumulative Report - Official," accessed November 22, 2017 | ||
| Karla Brown | Gerry Monroe | Wanda Adams | |||
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Additional elections on the ballot
- See also: Texas elections, 2017
The Houston Independent School District was scheduled to share the ballot with seven statewide ballot measures.
Key deadlines
The following dates were key deadlines for this Texas school board election in 2017:[11][12]
| Deadline | Event |
|---|---|
| August 21, 2017 | Candidate filing deadline |
| October 10, 2017 | Deadline to register to vote |
| October 10, 2017 | Campaign finance reporting deadline (30th day report) |
| October 30, 2017 | Campaign finance reporting deadline (8th day report) |
| October 23, 2017 - November 3, 2017 | Early voting period |
| November 7, 2017 | General election date |
| December 9, 2017 | Runoff election date |
| January 16, 2018 | Campaign finance reporting deadline (July semiannual report) |
Endorsements
The following is a list of official endorsements made by political parties, education organizations, media sources, and unions.
Do you know of an official or organization that endorsed a candidate in this race? Let Ballotpedia know by email at elections@ballotpedia.org.
| Candidate endorsements* | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Endorsement | District I | District III | District V | District VI | District VII | District IX | |||||
| Ascend PAC[13] | - | - | - | - | Sung | Adams | |||||
| C-Club of Houston[14] | Himsl | - | Cheben | Lundin | Luman | - | |||||
| Community Voices for Public Education[15] | Santos | Lira | DeRocha | Flynn Vilaseca | Sung | - | |||||
| Empower Texans[16] | - | - | Cheben | - | Luman | - | |||||
| Greater Heights Democratic Club[17] | Santos | - | - | - | - | - | |||||
| Harris County AFL-CIO[18] | Santos | - | - | Flynn Vilaseca | Sung | Adams | |||||
| Harris County Republican Party[19] | - | Perrett | - | - | Luman | - | |||||
| Harris County Tejano Democrats[20] | Santos | Lira | DeRocha | Flynn Vilaseca | Sung | Adams | |||||
| Harris County Young Democrats[21][22] | Santos | Rodriguez | DeRocha | Flynn Vilaseca | Sung | Adams | |||||
| Houston Association of Realtors/TREPAC[23] | Himsl | Rodriguez | Deigaard | Lundin | Luman | Adams | |||||
| Houston Chronicle[24][25][26][27] | Himsl (Runoff) and Richart (General) | Lira | Deigaard | Flynn Vilaseca | Sung | Adams | |||||
| Houston Federation of Teachers[28][29] | Santos | Lira | - | Flynn Vilaseca | Sung | Adams | |||||
| Houston GLBT Political Caucus[30] | Santos | Perrett | DeRocha | Flynn Vilaseca | Sung | - | |||||
| Houston Stonewall Young Democrats[31] | Santos | Lira | DeRocha | Flynn Vilaseca | Sung | - | |||||
| Houston United for Strong Public Schools[32] | Santos | Lira | - | Flynn Vilaseca | Sung | Adams | |||||
| Houston's Premier Business Coalition[33] | Himsl | - | Cheben | Lundin | Luman | - | |||||
| Houstonians for Great Public Schools[34] | Himsl | - | Deigaard | Flynn Vilaseca | Sung | Adams | |||||
| Our Revolution Texas[35] | Santos | - | - | - | - | - | |||||
| Our Revolution Texas Gulf Coast Region[36] | Santos | - | DeRocha | - | Sung | - | |||||
| Texas Latina List[37] | Richart | - | - | - | - | - | |||||
| Texas Organizing Project[38] | Santos | Lira | - | - | Sung | - | |||||
| Texas Students United[39] | Santos | - | DeRocha | - | - | - | |||||
| *As of November 29, 2017, Ballotpedia had not identified an organization's official endorsement in districts marked with a "-" | |||||||||||
Campaign finance
Candidates received a total of $537,107.78 and spent a total of $419,053.56 as of November 30, 2017, according to the Houston Independent School District.[40]
| Candidate | Contributions* | Expenditures* | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| District I | |||||||||||
| Gretchen Himsl | $68,750.00 | $51,799.14 | |||||||||
| Monica Richart | $13,645.00 | $22,213.38 | |||||||||
| Elizabeth Santos | $46,419.00 | $46,315.20 | |||||||||
| District III | |||||||||||
| Sergio Lira | $20,650.00 | $13,116.12 | |||||||||
| Carlos Perrett | $795.00 | $104.51 | |||||||||
| Rodolfo Reyes | $2,150.00 | $2,819.65 | |||||||||
| Jesse Rodriguez | $40,961.00 | $33,248.03 | |||||||||
| District V | |||||||||||
| Kara DeRocha | $19,710.00 | $11,113.02 | |||||||||
| Sean Cheben | $5,825.00 | $11,625.47 | |||||||||
| Sue Deigaard | $54,110.02 | $23,882.13 | |||||||||
| Susan Shafer | $5,945.00 | $5,728.58 | |||||||||
| District VI | |||||||||||
| Daniel Albert | $5,600.00 | $18,746.89 | |||||||||
| Holly Maria Flynn Vilaseca | $50,378.00 | $34,448.68 | |||||||||
| Robert Lundin | $35,202.36 | $21,629.29 | |||||||||
| District VII | |||||||||||
| John Luman | $27,365.00 | $21,956.70 | |||||||||
| Anne Sung | $93,507.00 | $53,482.85 | |||||||||
| District IX | |||||||||||
| Karla Brown | $6,095.40 | $5,796.40 | |||||||||
| Gerry Monroe | $900.00 | $900.00 | |||||||||
| Wanda Adams | $39,100.00 | $40,127.52 | |||||||||
| *The amounts listed include monetary political contributions and expenditures; they do not include loans, in-kind donations, or personal expenditures. | |||||||||||
Reporting requirements
There were three campaign finance deadlines for Texas school board candidates in 2017:[12]
- The 30th day report was due on October 10, 2017,
- The 8th day report was due on October 30, 2017, and
- The January semiannual report was due on January 16, 2018.
All school board candidates in the state were required to file January semiannual campaign finance reports. Opposed school board candidates could choose "modified reporting" if they did not plan to exceed either $500 in contributions or $500 in expenditures in the election. Modified reporting exempts a candidate from filing the 30th and 8th day reports normally due before an election. If a candidate opted for modified reporting but exceeded the threshold before the 30th day prior to the election, he or she had to file the 30th and 8th day reports. Unopposed school board candidates were only required to file a campaign finance report on the January semiannual deadline.[41]
Past elections
To see results from past elections in the Houston Independent School District, click here.
What was at stake?
Report a story for this election
Ballotpedia researches issues in school board elections across the United States, but information availability is a challenge for us in many school districts. Please contact us about the issues that impact your local school district. Note that not all submissions may meet Ballotpedia's coverage requirements for inclusion.
Candidate survey
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Ballotpedia invites school board candidates to participate in its annual survey. |
Survey responses
Seven candidates in this race participated in Ballotpedia's 2017 survey of school board candidates. The following sections display the responses to the survey questions from Himsl, Perrett, Rodriguez, Shafer, DeRocha, Albert, and Luman.
Hope to achieve
When asked what she hoped to achieve if elected to the school board, Himsl stated:
| “ | My goal is to give every student an opportunity to attend a great Houston ISD school and graduate ready for college or a career. We are going to do this by: Building vibrant learning environments at every school Strengthening student pathways to success Improving equity in state and local funding I have seen first hand what our schools are capable of when teachers, administrators, students and communities work together, and receive the necessary support from the state and the district. I also have seen how much work we still need to do. I look forward to the opportunity to implement meaningful change in our district.[42] | ” |
| —Gretchen Himsl (October 4, 2017)[43] | ||
When asked what he hoped to achieve if elected to the school board, Perrett stated:
| “ | If elected to the school board I hope to bring transparency to District 3. It is my hope to close achievement gaps, reduce testing, increase student achievement and teacher retention, and re-assess school funding metrics.[42] | ” |
| —Carlos Perrett (October 6, 2017)[44] | ||
When asked what he hoped to achieve if elected to the school board, Rodriguez stated:
| “ | Top Priorities: - Make our students be college, career and work ready when they graduate. - Support, strengthen, and empower the underserved and underperforming HISD communities to increase student achievement. - Hold our Superintendent and Board accountable by controlling expenditures in the HISD budget. - Provide leadership training and resources to principals, counselors, teachers, and staff. - Bring together, the parents, PTO, teachers, principals, counselors, and student to bring the community into the school.[42] | ” |
| —Jesse Rodriguez (October 15, 2017)[45] | ||
When asked what she hoped to achieve if elected to the school board, Shafer stated:
| “ | To be part of a board that supports teachers in their work instead of creating hurdles. To be a trustworthy steward of taxpayer dollars, making sure every available dollar goes into our classrooms.[42] | ” |
| —Susan Shafer (October 4, 2017)[46] | ||
When asked what she hoped to achieve if elected to the school board, DeRocha stated:
| “ | There are a myriad of issues that need to be addressed in HISD, but right now I am concentrating on the following: - Eliminate the high stakes testing culture in HISD - Overhaul the Special Education program - Target spending in the classrooms and on instruction[42] | ” |
| —Kara DeRocha (October 23, 2017) | ||
When asked what he hoped to achieve if elected to the school board, Albert stated:
| “ | I hope to reduce the number of IR schools in our district, achieve school finance reform, and balance the school's budget while improving the over-all academic achievement of our students.[42] | ” |
| —Daniel Albert (October 14, 2017)[47] | ||
When asked what he hoped to achieve if elected to the school board, Luman stated:
| “ | HISD needs to turn its failing schools around so the TEA does not take over the district. That's the top priority. Next, the budget needs to be balanced. This year's board voted to raid the Rainy Day fund of $107 million (long before Hurricane Harvey), instead of balancing the budget. After Harvey, and property reassessments, the available revenue will be even less, making balancing the budget that much more difficult. Third, we need to let our neighborhood schools excel without micro-management and interference from the central office. Fourth, we need to make sure our students are college ready. And, HISD needs to work with business leaders and businesses to enhance HISD’s collaborations with the community for the benefit of all students. These are just a few of the issues I hope to achieve.[42] | ” |
| —John Luman (October 20, 2017)[48] | ||
Ranking the issues
The candidates were asked to rank the following issues by importance in the school district, with 1 being the most important and 7 being the least important. This table displays their rankings:
| Issue importance ranking | |||||||
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| Issue | Himsl ranking (District I) | Perrett ranking (District III) | Rodriguez ranking (District III) | Shafer ranking (District V) | DeRocha ranking (District V) | Albert ranking (District VI) | Luman ranking (District VII) |
| Expanding arts education | |||||||
| Improving relations with teachers | |||||||
| Balancing or maintaining the district's budget | |||||||
| Improving post-secondary readiness | |||||||
| Closing the achievement gap | |||||||
| Improving education for special needs students | |||||||
| Expanding school choice options | |||||||
Positions on the issues
The candidates were asked to answer eight multiple choice and short answer questions from Ballotpedia regarding significant issues in education and the school district. A link to their responses can be found below.
- Gretchen Himsl survey responses
- Carlos Perrett survey responses
- Jesse Rodriguez survey responses
- Susan Shafer survey responses
- Kara DeRocha survey responses
- Daniel Albert survey responses
- John Luman survey responses
Election trends
- See also: School boards in session: 2015 in brief
Since 2013, the Houston Independent School District Board of Education races have not had an uncontested seat. In 2017, challengers sought to unseat the three incumbents who ran for re-election.
In the last three general election cycles, at least half of the incumbents whose seats were up for re-election sought another term (the 2016 special election was called to complete an unfinished term). These incumbents had a success rate of 66.67 percent or higher.
| School board election trends | ||||||
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| Year | Candidates per seat | Unopposed seats | Incumbents running for re-election | Incumbent success rate | Seats won by newcomers | |
| Houston Independent School District | ||||||
| 2017 | 3.17 | 0.00% | 50.00% | 100.00% | 50.00% | |
| 2016 | 4.00 | 0.00% | 0.00% | 0.00% | 100.00% | |
| 2015 | 3.25 | 0.00% | 75.00% | 66.67% | 50.00% | |
| 2013 | 2.33 | 0.00% | 66.67% | 100.00% | 33.33% | |
| Texas | ||||||
| 2015 | 1.69 | 48.62% | 77.98% | 83.53% | 34.40% | |
| 2014 | 1.86 | 37.61% | 75.22% | 81.76% | 38.05% | |
| United States | ||||||
| 2015 | 1.72 | 35.95% | 70.37% | 82.66% | 40.81% | |
| 2014 | 1.89 | 32.57% | 75.51% | 81.31% | 38.24% | |
Issues in the district
Houston ISD faces state oversight
Under House Bill 1842, Texas school districts that have one or more schools that receive an Improvement Required classification for two years in a row must create a campus turnaround plan detailing how the district plans to change the schools' classifications to Met Standards. If the turnaround plan does not work and the school or schools are classified as Improvement Required for five years in a row, the Texas commissioner of education must either close the campus(es) or assign a board of managers to oversee the entire school district.[6]
Speaking of HB 1842 in August 2016, Texas Education Agency (TEA) Commissioner Mike Morath said that the law was put in place because schools are not isolated.
| “ | They operate within school systems, and often the system as a whole isn't set up to support real performance improvement in that individual campus. In this case, system-level interventions are necessary.[49][42] | ” |
As of August 15, 2017, the Houston Independent School District had 10 district schools labeled as Improvement Required schools for three or more years.[7] In a meeting on August 7, 2017, the TEA told Houston ISD that should any one of the 10 schools continue to be labeled as Improvement Required in the 2018-2019 school year, the commissioner could decide to appoint state oversight of the district.[50]
Houston ISD board member Jolanda Jones said of the law, "I think it would be a travesty that one 'improvement required' school could allow the state to take over the entire district." She added, "That's not a government of the people, by the people, for the people. Board members are individually elected by their constituencies, and the folks in Austin have no clue about the constituencies in Houston ISD."[50]
The Houston Chronicle reported that Texas State Representative Harold Dutton Jr. (D) from Houston could be in favor of state oversight. Dutton said, "We have almost 15,000 kids in failing schools in Texas. I'm tired of that. Most of them are in my district. Most of them are black and brown schools."[50]
To make improvements to 32 Houston ISD schools, including the 10 Improvement Required schools that need to improve by the 2018-2019 school year, Superintendent Richard Carranza announced the Achieve 180 campus turnaround plan. The plan was designed to improve instruction, student support, leadership, and community relationships. Further information about the plan can be found here.[50]
Approved 2017-2018 budget includes deficit, recapture payments
The Houston Independent School District Board of Education passed its 2017-2018 school year budget on June 23, 2017. The deadline to pass the budget was June 30, 2017.[51] The budget totaled $2.1 billion, an increase of approximately $200 million from the 2016-2017 district budget.[52] It included staff salary increases, special education funds, and a revised budget for the district's Achieve 180 initiative. The trustees also voted to use the district's emergency fund to make up for a $106.8 million budget deficit.[8][9] The proposed budget can be found here.
Eight of the nine school board members approved the budget; Anna Eastman was the only trustee to vote against it, saying she could not pass a budget with a $106.8 million deficit.[8] According to the Houston Chronicle, Eastman's objections came from the decision to use the district's emergency fund to offset the budget deficit. By law, Houston ISD must have $275 million on hand in case of emergencies, called the rainy day fund. By the end of the 2016-2017 fiscal year, the district was projected to have approximately $308 million in the rainy day fund; by the end of the 2017-2018 fiscal year, the amount was projected to be $246 million, or $29 million less than required by law.[52]
The budget also set aside roughly $268 million to be paid to the state in recapture payments, an increase of approximately $107 million from the 2016-2017 fiscal year. Houston ISD stated that the 2017-2018 fiscal year was the first time the district would pay more money to the state than it received from the state.[9][53] In May 2017, qualified voters in Houston ISD voted to make a $77.5 million recapture payment to the state, which was made in July 2017. On September 14, 2017, following Hurricane Harvey, the Houston Chronicle reported that a 2009 law could allow the district to retain a portion of the money owed to the state in recapture payments. Those funds would be used to make disaster payments not covered by insurance or the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). This would allow Houston ISD to keep a portion or all of the remaining recapture payment.[54][55]
About the district
Houston Independent School District is located in Southeast Texas in Harris County. The county seat is Houston. The county was home to an estimated 4,589,928 residents from 2010 to 2016, according to the United States Census Bureau.[56] The district was the largest school district in the state in the 2014-2015 school year and served 215,225 students.[57]
Demographics
Harris County overperformed in comparison to the rest of Texas in terms of higher education achievement from 2011 to 2015. The United States Census Bureau found that 29.5 percent of county residents aged 25 years and older had attained a bachelor's degree, compared to 27.6 percent of state residents. The median household income in Harris County was $54,457, while it was $53,207 for Texas. The county poverty rate was 16.6 percent, compared to the state's 15.6 percent.[56]
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Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.
Recent news
The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Houston Independent School District Texas election. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.
See also
| Houston Independent School District | Texas | School Boards |
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External links
Footnotes
- ↑ Houston Independent School District, "HISD trustees appoint José Leal to fill District III seat until special election in November," accessed August 21, 2017
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Houston Independent School District, "Election Information," accessed September 12, 2017
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Harris County, Texas, "Cumulative Report - Official," accessed November 22, 2017
- ↑ Houston ISD, "Three HISD incumbents prevail on election night, one open seat filled, and two open seats head to runoffs," November 8, 2017
- ↑ Harris County, Texas, "Cumulative Report - Unofficial, Joint Runoff Election," accessed December 9, 2017
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Texas Education Agency, "Texas Education Today: August 2015," accessed October 3, 2017
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Houston Patch, "Houston ISD Has 27 Schools Under Scrutiny From State," August 15, 2017
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Houston Chronicle, "HISD board approves nearly $2 billion budget on split vote," June 23, 2017
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Houston ISD News Blog, "HISD Board of Education approves 2017-2018 school year budget," June 23, 2017
- ↑ Houston ISD, "BOARD MEMBERS ELIGIBILITY/QUALIFICATIONS," accessed August 21, 2017
- ↑ Vote Texas, "Important 2017 Election Dates," accessed August 21, 2017
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Texas Ethics Commission, "2017 Filing Schedule for Reports Due in Connection with Elections Held on Uniform Election Dates," accessed August 21, 2017
- ↑ Ascend PAC, "Our endorsed candidates," accessed October 20, 2017
- ↑ C-Club of Houston, "C Club Endorsements," accessed October 20, 2017
- ↑ Community Voices for Public Education, "2017 CVPE Endorsements," accessed October 20, 2017
- ↑ Marielle Bricker, "Email communication with Charles Blain," October 9, 2017
- ↑ Facebook, "Greater Heights Democratic Club," accessed November 29, 2017
- ↑ Texas Gulf Coast Area Labor Federation, "Elections: Nov. 7, 2017 Ballot endorsements - Harris County," accessed October 20, 2017
- ↑ Harris County Republican Party, "The Endorsements are In!" September 28, 2017
- ↑ Facebook, "Harris County Tejano Democrats," accessed November 29, 2017
- ↑ Facebook, "Harris County Young Democrats," accessed November 29, 2017
- ↑ Facebook, "Harris County Young Democrats," accessed November 29, 2017
- ↑ HAR.com, "HAR Announces Recommended Candidates For Houston Independent School District Board of Trustees," October 2, 2017
- ↑ Houston Chronicle, "Opinion: For HISD trustee: Districts I and III," October 11, 2017
- ↑ Houston Chronicle, "Opinion: For HISD trustee: Districts V and VI," October 12, 2017
- ↑ Houston Chronicle, "Opinion: For HISD trustee: Districts VII and IX," October 13, 2017
- ↑ Houston Chronicle, "Endorsements for HCC and HISD runoffs," November 28, 2017
- ↑ Marielle Bricker, "Email communication with Zeph Capo," October 18, 2017
- ↑ Facebook, "Houston Federation of Teachers," accessed November 29, 2017
- ↑ The Caucus GLBT, "Endorsement Announcement, Public Forum and Endorsement Vote," September 10, 2017
- ↑ Facebook, "Houston Stonewall Young Democrats on October 3, 2017," accessed October 20, 2017
- ↑ Houston United for Strong Public Schools, "Our Candidates," accessed November 29, 2017
- ↑ Houston's Premier Business Coalition, "Endorsements," accessed October 20, 2017
- ↑ Houston GPS, "2017 Endorsed Candidates," accessed October 20, 2017
- ↑ Facebook, "Our Revolution Texas," accessed November 13, 2017
- ↑ Facebook, "Our Revolution Texas Gulf Coast Region," accessed November 10, 2017
- ↑ Facebook, "Texas Latina List on September 29, 2017," accessed October 20, 2017
- ↑ Facebook, "Texas Organizing Project," accessed November 29, 2017
- ↑ Texas Students United, "Upcoming Elections," accessed October 20, 2017
- ↑ Houston ISD, "Election Information," accessed January 24, 2017
- ↑ Texas Ethics Commission, "Campaign Finance Guide for Candidates and Officeholders Who File with Local Filing Authorities," accessed March 28, 2017
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 42.6 42.7 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
- ↑ Ballotpedia's school board candidate survey, "Gretchen Himsl responses," October 4, 2017
- ↑ Ballotpedia's school board candidate survey, "Carlos Perrett responses," October 6, 2017
- ↑ Ballotpedia's school board candidate survey, "Jesse Rodriguez responses," October 15, 2017
- ↑ Ballotpedia's school board candidate survey, "Susan Shafer responses," October 4, 2017
- ↑ Ballotpedia's school board candidate survey, "Daniel Albert responses," October 14, 2017
- ↑ Ballotpedia's school board candidate survey, "John Luman responses," October 20, 2017
- ↑ Houston Chronicle, "Potential HISD takeover has roots in widely supported 2015 state law," August 11, 2017
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 Houston Chronicle, "Houston ISD faces state takeover if long-failing campuses don't improve," August 9, 2017
- ↑ Click 2 Houston, "HISD's $2.1 billion budget includes teacher pay, special ed increases," June 23, 2017
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 Houston Chronicle, "HISD budget boosts teacher pay, borrows from rainy day fund," June 23, 2017
- ↑ Houston Independent School District, "Board of Education Meeting Agenda June 22, 2017," accessed October 16, 2017
- ↑ Houston Business Journal, "HISD could use some recapture payment funds for Harvey recovery," accessed October 16, 2017
- ↑ Houston Chronicle, "Houston ISD may be able to avoid paying recapture thanks to Harvey," September 14, 2017
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 United States Census Bureau, "Harris County, Texas," accessed September 26, 2017
- ↑ U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, "Common Core of Data, file ccd_lea_052_1414_w_0216161a, 2014-2015," accessed November 16, 2016
