Federal judges nominated by John Adams

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John Adams, President from 1797-1801

John Adams was president of the United States from 1797 to 1801. During his time in office, Adams made 22 successful nominations to the federal bench, where the nominee was confirmed and received their judicial commission. Eleven nominations were unsuccessful–seven nominees declined their nomination, one confirmed nominee did not receive their judicial commission, and three of the vacancies did not occur.[1][2]

During his term as president, the U.S. Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 which increased the number of federal judgeships available to Adams to fill. Adams spent his final days in office filling the newly created positions. Collectively, these appointments are referred to as the "midnight appointments." Adams' successor President Thomas Jefferson removed some of these judges when he became president.[3]





List of judges

JudgeFinal post:Term:Previous Post:Term:Bachelors:Law:
John Marshall (Supreme Court)Supreme Court1/31/1801-7/6/1835  Read law, 1780
Bushrod WashingtonSupreme Court12/20/1798 - 11/26/1829  College of William and Mary, 1778Read law, 1784
Benjamin BourneUnited States Circuit Court for the First Circuit2/20/1801 - 7/1/1802District of Rhode Island12/22/1796 - 2/20/1801Harvard College, 1775Read Law
Samuel HitchcockDistrict of Vermont1/28/1794 - 2/20/1801  Harvard College (1777)
John A. LowellUnited States Circuit Court for the First Circuit2/20/1801 - 5/6/1802District of Massachusetts9/26/1789 - 2/20/1801Harvard, 1760Read law, 1763
James WinchesterDistrict of Maryland12/10/1799 - 4/5/1806  
William CranchUnited States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia2/24/1806 - 9/1/1855  Harvard College, 1787Read law, 1790
John Davis (District of Massachusetts)District of Massachusetts2/20/1801 - 7/10/1841  Harvard College, 1781Read law, 1786
John Sloss HobartUnited States District Court for the District of New York4/12/1798 - 2/4/1805Supreme Court of the State of New York1777-1798Yale, 1757
James Markham MarshallUnited States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia3/3/1801 - 11/16/1803  
Alfred Moore (U.S. Supreme Court)Supreme Court12/10/1799-1/26/1804North Carolina Superior Courts1798Read law, 1775
Elijah PaineDistrict of Vermont3/3/1801 - 4/1/1842  Harvard College (1781)Read law (1784)
Jeremiah SmithUnited States Circuit Court for the First Circuit2/20/1801 - 5/6/1802  Read law, 1786
Richard BassettUnited States Circuit Court for the Third Circuit2/20/1801 - 7/1/1802  Read law
Egbert BensonUnited States Circuit Court for the Second Circuit2/20/1801 - 7/1/1802  Kings CollegeRead law
William GriffithUnited States Circuit Court for the Third Circuit2/20/1801 - 7/1/1802  Kings CollegeRead law
Philip Barton KeyUnited States Circuit Court for the Fourth Circuit2/20/1801 - 7/1/1802  Middle Temple, London, England (1784)Read law (1785)
Charles MagillUnited States Circuit Court for the Fourth Circuit2/24/1801 - 7/1/1802  Read law
William McClungUnited States Circuit Court for the Sixth Circuit2/24/1801 - 7/1/1802  Washington College (1785)Read law
George Keith TaylorUnited States Circuit Court for the Fourth Circuit2/20/1801 - 7/1/1802  College of William and Mary
William TilghmanUnited States Circuit Court for the Third Circuit3/3/1801 - 3/8/1802  College of Philadelphia, M.A.
College of Philadelphia, A.B. (1772)		Read law (1783)
Oliver WolcottUnited States Circuit Court for the Second Circuit2/20/1801 - 7/1/1802  Yale College (1778)Read law (1781)


Historical context

Appointments by current president

See also: Federal judges nominated by Donald Trump

Since taking office for his second term, President Donald Trump (R) has not nominated any individuals to federal judgeships on Article III courts.

During his first term in office, President Donald Trump (R) nominated 274 individuals to federal judgeships. Trump made 245 judicial appointments.[4] Of those appointments, 234 were Article III judges.[5] Trump withdrew eight nominees and 143 received no vote from the Senate.[6]

Ballotpedia publishes the federal vacancy count report tracking vacancies, nominations, and confirmations to all United States Article III federal courts each month. In the most recent report covering activity in March 2025, there were 43 Article III vacancies in the federal judiciary. To learn more about current vacancies in the federal judiciary, click here. The following chart from the monthly federal vacancy count report for March 1, 2025, details the number of appointments made by President Trump to each type of Article III federal court since taking office. This chart is updated at the start of each month with new appointments data.



See also

External links


Footnotes

  1. ↑ Federal Judicial Center, "Biographical Directory of Article III Federal Judges, 1789-present, Appointing President: John Adams," accessed April 28, 2021
  2. ↑ Federal Judicial Center, "Unsuccessful Nominations and Recess Appointments," accessed April 28, 2021
  3. ↑ Federal Judicial Center, "The Midnight Judges," accessed April 28, 2021
  4. ↑ United States Courts, "Judgeship Appointments by President," accessed January 20, 2021
  5. ↑ Article III judges are appointed by the president and confirmed by the U.S. Senate in accordance with Article III of the United States Constitution. They serve for life.
  6. ↑ Federal Judicial Center, "Unsuccessful Nominations and Recess Appointments," accessed March 23, 2021
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Federal judges as nominated by U.S. presidents
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