Donald Trump's Cabinet, 2025
From Ballotpedia
Before taking office on January 20, 2025, Donald Trump (R) identified candidates for the positions that comprise the president's Cabinet. This tradition is rooted in Article II, Section 2, Clause 1 of the Constitution, which states that the president "may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices."[1]
As of March 10, 2025, 21 Cabinet members had been confirmed. One nominee, Elise Stefanik for U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, had not yet been confirmed.
A presidential Cabinet is a group of senior federal officials who advise the president on the issues and activities of their respective agencies. The number of officials in a Cabinet can vary across presidential administrations. While not explicitly identified in the Constitution, the Cabinet secretaries are the 15 agency heads who are in the presidential line of succession. The vice president is also part of the Cabinet.
During Trump's second term, the following offices are also Cabinet-rank positions: White House chief of staff, the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, the director of the Office of Management and Budget, the U.S. trade representative, the director of the Central Intelligence Agency, the director of National Intelligence, the administrator of the Small Business Administration, and the ambassador to the United Nations. These positions were also Cabinet-level in Trump's first term.[2] Joe Biden (D) additionally included the chair of the Council of Economic Advisers and the director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy in his Cabinet.
Except for the vice president and White House chief of staff, these positions require Senate confirmation. Between November 7 and December 4, 2024, Trump announced nominees for all 22 of the Senate-confirmed Cabinet and Cabinet-level positions in his second term.
This page provides an overview of individuals appointed to Trump's Cabinet.
Recent hearings, votes, and nominations
The section below displays recent hearings, votes, and nominations related to Trump's Cabinet. Click here to view previous events.
- March 10, 2025: The Senate voted 67-32 to confirm Lori Chavez-DeRemer as secretary of labor.[3]
- March 3, 2025: The Senate voted 51-45 to confirm Linda McMahon as secretary of the U.S. Department of Education.[4]
- February 27, 2025: The Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee voted 13-9 to advance the nomination of Lori Chavez-DeRemer for secretary of labor.[5]
- February 26, 2025: The Senate voted 56-43 to confirm Jamieson Greer as U.S. trade representative.[6]
- February 20, 2025: The Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee voted 12-11 to advance the nomination of Linda McMahon for secretary of education.[7]
- February 19, 2025:
- The Senate voted 52-46 to confirm Kelly Loeffler as administrator of the Small Business Administration.[8]
- The Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee held a confirmation hearing for Lori Chavez-DeRemer for secretary of labor.[9]
- February 18, 2025: The Senate voted 51-45 to confirm Howard Lutnick as secretary of commerce.[10][11]
- February 13, 2025:
- The Senate voted 72-28 to confirm Brooke Rollins as secretary of agriculture.[12]
- The Senate voted 52-48 to confirm Robert F. Kennedy Jr. as secretary of health and human services.[13]
- The Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee held a confirmation hearing for Linda McMahon for secretary of education.[14]
- February 12, 2025:
- The Senate voted 52-48 to confirm Tulsi Gabbard as director of national intelligence.[15]
- The Senate Finance Committee voted 15-12 to advance Jamieson Greer's nomination for U.S. trade representative.
- February 6, 2025:
- The Senate voted 53-47 to confirm Russell Vought as director of the Office of Management and Budget.[16]
- The Senate Finance Committee held confirmation hearings for Jamieson Greer for U.S. trade representative.[17]
- February 5, 2025:
- The Senate voted 55-44 to confirm Scott Turner as secretary of housing and urban development.[18]
- The Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee voted 16-12 to advance Howard Lutnick's nomination for secretary of commerce.[19]
- The Senate Small Business and Entrepreneurship Committee voted 12-7 to advance Kelly Loeffler's nomination for administrator of the Small Business Administration.[20]
- February 4, 2025:
- The Senate voted 54-46 to confirm Pam Bondi as attorney general.[21]
- The Senate voted 77-23 to confirm Doug Collins as secretary of veterans affairs.[22]
- The Senate Finance Committee voted 14-13 to advance Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s nomination for secretary of health and human services.
- The Senate Intelligence Committee voted 9-8 to advance Tulsi Gabbard's nomination for director of national intelligence.[23]
- February 3, 2025:
- The Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry voted 23-0 to advance the nomination of Brooke Rollins for secretary of agriculture.
- The Senate voted 59-38 to confirm Chris Wright's as secretary of energy.[24]
- January 30, 2025:
- The Senate voted 79-18 to confirm Doug Burgum as secretary of the interior.[25][26]
- The Senate Budget Committee voted 11-0 to advance the nomination of Russell Vought for director of the Office of Management and Budget.[27]
- The Senate Foreign Relations Committee advanced the nomination of Elise Stefanik for U.S. ambassador to the United Nations by voice vote.[28][29]
- The Senate Intelligence Committee held a hearing for Tulsi Gabbard for director of national intelligence.[30]
- The Senate Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee held a hearing for Robert F. Kennedy Jr. for secretary of health and human services.[31]
- January 29, 2025:
- The Senate voted 56-42 to confirm Lee Zeldin as administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.[32]
- The Senate Judiciary Committee voted 12-10 to advance Pam Bondi's nomination for attorney general.[33]
- The Senate Small Business and Entrepreneurship Committee held a hearing for Kelly Loeffler for administrator of the Small Business Administration.[34]
- The Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee held a hearing for Howard Lutnick for secretary of commerce.[35]
- The Senate Finance Committee held a hearing for Robert F. Kennedy Jr. for secretary of health and human services.[36]
- January 28, 2025: The Senate voted 77-22 to confirm Sean Duffy as secretary of transportation.[37][38]
- January 27, 2025: The Senate voted 68-29 to confirm Scott Bessent as secretary of the Treasury.[39]
- January 25, 2025: The Senate voted 59-34 to confirm Kristi Noem for secretary of homeland security. [40]
- January 24, 2025: The Senate voted 51-50 to confirm Pete Hegseth for secretary of defense, with Vice President J.D. Vance (R) casting the tie-breaking vote.[41]
- January 23, 2025:
- The Senate voted 74-25 to confirm John Ratcliffe for director of the CIA.[42]
- The Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry held a confirmation hearing for Brooke Rollins for secretary of agriculture.[43]
- The Senate Environment and Public Works Committee voted 11-8 to advance Lee Zeldin's nomination for administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency.[44]
- The Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee voted 18-1 to advance Doug Collins' nomination for secretary of veterans' affairs.[45]
- The Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee voted 18-2 to advance the nomination of Doug Burgum for secretary of the interior.[46]
- The Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee voted 15-5 to advance the nomination of Chris Wright for secretary of energy.[46]
- The Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee voted to advance Scott Turner's nomination for secretary of housing and urban development in a 13-11 vote.[47]
- January 22, 2025:
- The Senate Budget Committee held a confirmation hearing for Russell Vought for director of the Office of Management and Budget.[48]
- The Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee voted 28-0 to advance the nomination of Sean Duffy for secretary of transportation.
- January 21, 2025:
- The Senate Veterans' Affairs Committee held a hearing for Doug Collins for secretary of veterans affairs and the Senate Foreign Relations Committee held a hearing for Elise Stefanik for U.S. ambassador to the United Nations.[49][50]
- The Senate Finance Committee advanced the nomination of Scott Bessent for secretary of the treasury in a 16-11 vote.
- January 20, 2025:
- The Senate Foreign Relations Committee unanimously voted to advance Marco Rubio's nomination for secretary of state. The Senate voted to confirm Rubio in a 99-0 vote.[51]
- The Senate Armed Services Committee voted to advance Pete Hegseth's nomination for secretary of defense in a 14-13 vote and the Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs voted to advance Kristi Noem's nomination for secretary of homeland security in a 13-2 vote.
- January 17, 2025: The Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs held a hearing for Kristi Noem for secretary of homeland security.[52]
- January 16, 2025: The Senate Finance Committee held a confirmation hearing for Scott Bessent for treasury secretary, the Senate Judiciary Committee held the second half of a confirmation hearing for Pam Bondi for attorney general, the Senate Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee held a hearing for Scott Turner for secretary of housing and urban development, the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee held a hearing for Lee Zeldin for director of the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee held a confirmation hearing for Doug Burgum for secretary of the interior.[53][54][55][56][57]
- January 15, 2025: The Senate Judiciary Committee held the first half of a confirmation hearing for Pam Bondi for attorney general, the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee held a hearing for Sean Duffy for secretary of transportation, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee held a hearing for Marco Rubio for secretary of state, the Senate Intelligence Committee held a hearing for John Ratcliffe for CIA director, the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee held a hearing for Chris Wright for secretary of energy, and the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee held a hearing for Russell Vought for director of the Office of Management and Budget.[58][59][60][61][62][63]
- January 14, 2025: The Senate Armed Services Committee held a confirmation hearing for Pete Hegseth for secretary of defense.[64]
- December 4, 2024: Trump announced he would nominate former U.S. Sen. Kelly Loeffler (R-Ga.) as administrator of the Small Business Administration.[65]
- November 26, 2024: Trump announced he would nominate Jamieson Greer as U.S. trade representative.[66]
- November 23, 2024: Trump announced he would nominate Brooke Rollins for secretary of Agriculture.[67]
- November 22, 2024: Trump announced he would nominate Scott Bessent for secretary of the Treasury, Russell Vought as director of the Office of Management and Budget, and Lori Chavez-DeRemer for secretary of Labor.[68][69][70]
- November 21, 2024
- Matt Gaetz, Trump's first announced nominee for attorney general, withdrew from consideration for the position.[71]
- Trump announced former Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi (R) as his nominee for U.S. attorney general.[72]
- November 19, 2024: Trump announced he would nominate Howard Lutnick for secretary of Commerce and Linda McMahon for secretary of Education.[73][74]
- November 18, 2024: Trump announced he would nominate former U.S. Rep. Sean Duffy (R-Wis.) as secretary of Transportation.[75]
- November 16, 2024: Trump announced he would nominate Chris Wright as secretary of Energy.[76]
- November 15, 2024: Trump announced he would nominate North Dakota Gov. Doug Burgum (R) for secretary of the Interior, .[77]
- November 14, 2024: Trump announced he would nominate Robert F. Kennedy Jr. as secretary of Health and Human Services and former U.S. Rep. Doug Collins (R-Ga.) as secretary of Veterans Affairs.[78][79]
- November 13, 2024: Trump announced he would nominate U.S. Sen. Marco Rubio (R-Fla.) as secretary of State, former U.S. Rep. Tulsi Gabbard as Director of National Intelligence, and U.S. Rep. Matt Gaetz (R-Fla.) as attorney general.[80][81][82]
- November 12, 2024: Trump announced he would nominate John Ratcliffe as director of the Central Intelligence Agency, Pete Hegseth as secretary of Defense, and South Dakota Governor Kristi Noem (R) as secretary of Homeland Security.[83][84][85]
- November 11, 2024: Trump announced he would nominate former U.S. Rep. Lee Zeldin (R-N.Y.) to serve as administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Rep. Elise Stefanik (R-N.Y.) to serve as Ambassador to the United Nations.[86][87]
- November 7, 2024: Trump announced he would appoint his 2024 co-campaign manager Susie Wiles to serve as White House chief of staff.[88]
- July 15, 2024: Donald Trump (R) selected U.S. Sen. J.D. Vance (R-Ohio) as his vice presidential running mate.[89]
Cabinet and Cabinet-level appointees
The following individuals are members of Trump's Cabinet. They have either been confirmed by the U.S. Senate or hold a position that does not require Senate confirmation.
J.D. Vance Vice President |
Marco Rubio Secretary of State |
Scott Bessent Secretary of the Treasury |
Pete Hegseth Secretary of Defense |
|---|
Pam Bondi Attorney General |
Doug Burgum Secretary of the Interior |
Brooke Rollins Secretary of Agriculture |
Howard Lutnick Secretary of Commerce |
|---|
Lori Chavez-DeRemer Secretary of Labor |
Robert F. Kennedy Jr. Secretary of Health and Human Services |
Scott Turner Secretary of Housing and Urban Development |
Sean Duffy Secretary of Transportation |
|---|
Chris Wright Secretary of Energy |
Linda McMahon Secretary of Education |
Doug Collins Secretary of Veterans Affairs |
Kristi Noem Secretary of Homeland Security |
|---|
Tulsi Gabbard Director of National Intelligence |
Jamieson Greer U.S. Trade Representative |
Kelly Loeffler Administrator of the Small Business Administration |
Lee Zeldin Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency |
|---|
Russell Vought Director of the Office of Management and Budget |
John Ratcliffe Director of the Central Intelligence Agency |
Susie Wiles White House Chief of Staff |
|---|
Nominees awaiting confirmation
Historical comparison of Cabinet confirmations
Comparison to Biden administration
The following chart displays how many days it took for the Cabinet secretaries of President Joe Biden (D) to be confirmed after the inauguration in 2021. This chart includes the main 15 Cabinet positions.
See also
- Donald Trump presidential transition (2024-2025)
- Presidential election, 2024
- Appointment confirmation process
- Confirmation process overview for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees (2017)
Footnotes
- ↑ Constitution Center, "Presidential Advisors," accessed November 18, 2020
- ↑ White House, "The Cabinet," accessed November 18, 2020
- ↑ Politico, "Senate confirms Lori Chavez-DeRemer as Labor secretary," March 10, 2025
- ↑ The Associated Press, “‘Senate confirms McMahon to lead Education Department as Trump pushes to shut it down" accessed March 3, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "Hearings & Meetings," accessed February 21, 2025
- ↑ United States Senate, "Roll Call vote 94," accessed February 26, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "Hearings & Meetings," accessed February 5, 2025
- ↑ Senate Press Gallery, "Wednesday, February 19, 2025," February 19, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "Hearings & Meetings," accessed February 5, 2025
- ↑ Senate Press Gallery, "Friday, February 14, 2025," accessed February 18, 2025
- ↑ NY Times, "Senate Confirms Howard Lutnick as Commerce Secretary," February 18, 2025
- ↑ Senate Press Gallery, "Thursday, February 13, 2025," accessed February 13, 2025
- ↑ Senate Press Gallery, "Thursday, February 13, 2025," accessed February 13, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "Hearings & Meetings," accessed February 5, 2025
- ↑ The New York Times, "How Each Senator Voted to Confirm Tulsi Gabbard as Director of National Intelligence," February 12, 2025
- ↑ AP News, "Senate confirms Project 2025 architect Russell Vought to lead powerful White House budget office," February 6, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "Hearings & Meetings," accessed January 30, 2025
- ↑ Politico, "Senate confirms Scott Turner for HUD post," February 5, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "Hearings & Meetings," accessed January 30, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "Hearings & Meetings," accessed January 30, 2025
- ↑ Newsweek, "Donald Trump Ally Pam Bondi Confirmed as US Attorney General," February 4, 2025
- ↑ Politico, "Senate confirms VA Secretary," February 4, 2025
- ↑ Axios, "Tulsi Gabbard survives Senate committee vote for intel chief nomination," February 4, 2025
- ↑ X, "Senate Press Gallery on February 3, 2025," accessed February 3, 2025
- ↑ Senate Press Gallery, "Thursday, January 30, 2025," January 30, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "Roll Call Vote 119th Congress - 1st Session," January 31, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "Hearings & Meetings," accessed January 27, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "Hearings & Meetings," accessed January 27, 2025
- ↑ Roll Call, "Senate panel backs Stefanik as Democrats protest foreign aid pause," January 30, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "Hearings & Meetings," accessed January 27, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "Hearings & Meetings," accessed January 27, 2025
- ↑ Senate Press Gallery, "Wednesday, January 29, 2025," accessed January 29, 2025
- ↑ Politico, "Senate committee advances Trump's pick for AG," January 29, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "Hearings & Meetings," accessed January 29, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "Hearings & Meetings," accessed January 27, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "Hearings & Meetings," accessed January 27, 2025
- ↑ Senate Press Gallery, "Senate Schedule," accessed January 27, 2025
- ↑ Politico, "Sean Duffy confirmed as Transportation secretary, despite Dem protest votes," January 28, 2025
- ↑ Senate Press Gallery, "Senate Schedule," accessed January 27, 2025
- ↑ The Hill, "Senate confirms Noem to lead Department of Homeland Security," January 25, 2025
- ↑ U.S. Senate Press Gallery, "Friday, January 24, 2025," January 24, 2025
- ↑ U.S. Senate Press Gallery, "Thursday, January 23, 2025," January 23, 2025
- ↑ United States Senate Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry, "Nomination Hearing," accessed January 16, 2025
- ↑ E&E News, "One Democrat breaks with party to support Zeldin," January 23, 2025
- ↑ The Hill, "Senate panel overwhelmingly advances Trump pick for VA secretary," January 23, 2025
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 Politico, "Energy committee sends Trump's Interior, Energy cabinet picks to full Senate," January 23, 2025
- ↑ Senate.gov, "Hearings & Meetings," accessed January 21, 2025
- ↑ United States Senate Committee on the Budget, "The Nomination of the Honorable Russell T. Vought, of Virginia, to be Director of the Office of Management and Budget," accessed January 16, 2025
- ↑ U.S. Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs, "Senate Veterans’ Affairs Committee Postpones Nomination Hearing for Congressman Doug Collins to be VA Secretary," January 13, 2025
- ↑ Foreign Relations Committee, "NOMINATIONS," January 21, 2025
- ↑ Axios, "Senate confirms Marco Rubio to lead Trump's State Department," January 20, 2025
- ↑ Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs, "Nomination of Kristi Noem," accessed January 15, 2025
- ↑ Senate Finance Committee, "Hearing to Consider the Anticipated Nomination of Scott Bessent, of South Carolina, to be Secretary of the Treasury," January 10, 2025
- ↑ Axios, "What to know about the confirmation hearings for Trump's Cabinet picks this week," January 13, 2025
- ↑ United States Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, "Nomination Hearing," accessed January 13, 2025
- ↑ U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, "Hearing on the Nomination of the Honorable Lee M. Zeldin to be Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency." accessed January 13, 2025
- ↑ Senate Committee on Energy & Natural Resources, "Hearing to Consider the Nomination of the Honorable Doug Burgum to be Secretary of the Interior," accessed January 13, 2025
- ↑ U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary, "The Nomination of the Honorable Pamela Jo Bondi to be Attorney General of the United States," January 15, 2025
- ↑ U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, & Transportation, "Nomination Hearing - U.S. Secretary of Transportation," accessed January 9, 2025
- ↑ Foreign Relations Committee, "NOMINATIONS," accessed January 13, 2025
- ↑ U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, "Hearings," accessed January 13, 2025
- ↑ Senate Committee on Energy & Natural Resources, "Hearing to Consider the Nomination of Mr. Chris Wright to be Secretary of Energy," January 15, 2025
- ↑ Homeland Security & Governmental Affairs, "Nomination of Russell Vought," accessed January 13, 2025
- ↑ U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services, "To conduct a confirmation hearing on the expected nomination of Mr. Peter B. Hegseth to be Secretary of Defense," accessed January 9, 2025
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Nominates Former U.S. Senator Kelly Loeffler, of Georgia, to serve as Administrator of the Small Business Administration (SBA)," December 4, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Nominates Jamieson Greer as United States Trade Representative (USTR)," November 26, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Nominates Brooke L. Rollins, of Texas, as the 33rd United States Secretary of Agriculture," November 23, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Nominates Scott Bessent as the 79th Secretary of the Treasury of the United States," November 22, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Nominates Russell Thurlow Vought as the Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB)," November 22, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Nominates Congresswoman Lori Chavez-DeRemer as United States Secretary of Labor," November 22, 2024
- ↑ X, "Matt Gaetz on November 21, 2024," accessed November 21, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Announces former Attorney General of Florida, Pam Bondi, as Attorney General of the United States," November 21, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Announces Howard Lutnick as the United States Secretary of Commerce," November 19, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Announces Linda McMahon will be the United States Secretary of Education," November 19, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Announces Former Congressman Sean Duffy, from Wisconsin, is Nominated to Serve as the Secretary of Transportation," November 18, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Announces Chris Wright as United States Secretary of Energy," November 16, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Announces Doug Burgum, the Governor of North Dakota, as Secretary of the Interior," November 15, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Announces Robert F. Kennedy Jr. as The United States Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS)," November 14, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Nominate Former Congressman Doug Collins, of Georgia, as The United States Secretary for Veterans Affairs (VA)," November 14, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Nominates Senator Marco Rubio, of Florida, as The United States Secretary of State," November 13, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Announces Former Congressman, Lieutenant Colonel Tulsi Gabbard, as Director of National Intelligence (DNI)," November 13, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Nominates Congressman Matt Gaetz, of Florida, as The Attorney General of the United State," November 13, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Announces John Ratcliffe as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)," November 12, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Nominates Pete Hegseth to serve in Cabinet as The Secretary of Defense," November 12, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Announces Kristi Noem as Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)," November 12, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Announces Former Congressman Lee Zeldin as the Administrator of the United States Environmental Protective Agency (EPA)," November 11, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Nominates Chairwoman Elise Stefanik to Serve in Cabinet as United States Ambassador to the United Nations," November 11, 2024
- ↑ 4President, "President Donald J. Trump Announces Susan Summerall Wiles as White House Chief of Staff," November 7, 2024
- ↑ Associated Press, "Trump picks Sen. JD Vance of Ohio, a once-fierce critic turned loyal ally, as his GOP running mate," July 16, 2024
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 90.4 90.5 90.6 CRS Report for Congress, "Senate Confirmation Process: An Overview," accessed July 24, 2013 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "crs" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ OpenCongress, "U.S. Senate Confirmation Process," accessed January 17, 2015
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 Congressional Research Service, "Presidential Appointments, the Senate's Confirmation Process, and Proposals for Change," accessed July 25, 2013
- ↑ Congressional Research Service, "Senate Consideration of Presidential Nominations: Committee and Floor Procedure," April 4, 2019
- ↑ Partnership for Public Service, "Political Appointee Tracker," accessed November 15, 2024
- ↑ Supreme Court of the United States (via Findlaw), National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning, et al., decided June 26, 2014
- ↑ 96.0 96.1 Congressional Research Service, "Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions," March 11, 2015
- ↑ Congressional Research Service, "Recess Appointments: Frequently Asked Questions," March 15, 2005
- ↑ Congress.gov, "Browse by Congress," accessed November 15, 2024
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