Alabama House of Representatives elections, 2018
- General election: Nov. 6
- Voter registration deadline: Oct. 22
- Early voting: N/A
- Absentee voting deadline: Postmark Nov. 5
- Online registration: Yes
- Same-day registration: No
- Voter ID: Photo ID required
- Poll times: 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.
| 2018 Alabama House elections | |
|---|---|
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| General | November 6, 2018 |
| Primary | June 5, 2018 |
| Primary Runoff | July 17, 2018 |
| Past election results |
| 2014・2010・2006・2002 |
| 2018 elections | |
|---|---|
| Choose a chamber below: | |
Republicans expanded their majority in the 2018 elections for the Alabama House of Representatives, winning 77 seats to Democrats' 28. All 105 House seats were up for election. At the time of the election, Republicans held 72 seats to Democrats' 32, with one seat vacant.
The Republican Party maintained its trifecta in Alabama in 2018 by holding its majorities in the state Senate and House and by retaining the governorship.
Because state representatives in Alabama serve four-year terms, winning candidates in this election served through 2022 and played a role in Alabama's redistricting process. Congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn by the state legislature. Read more below.
The Alabama House of Representatives was one of 87 state legislative chambers with elections in 2018. There are 99 chambers throughout the country.
Alabama state representatives serve four-year terms, with all seats up for election every four years.
For more information about the Democratic primary, click here.
For more information about the Republican primary, click here.
Post-election analysis
- See also: State legislative elections, 2018
The Republican Party maintained supermajority status in both chambers of the Alabama State Legislature in the 2018 election. In the state Senate, all 35 seats were up for election. Republicans increased their supermajority in the Alabama State Senate. Before the election, Republicans held 26 seats, Democrats held eight seats, and an independent held one seat. Following the election, Republicans held 27 seats and Democrats held eight seats. One Republican incumbent was defeated in the primary and no incumbents were defeated in the general election.
The Alabama House of Representatives held elections for all 105 seats. The Republican supermajority in the House of Representatives increased from 72-32 to 77-28. One Democratic incumbent was defeated in the general election.
National background
On November 6, 2018, 87 of the nation's 99 state legislative chambers held regularly scheduled elections for 6,073 of 7,383 total seats, meaning that nearly 82 percent of all state legislative seats were up for election.
- Entering the 2018 election, Democrats held 42.6 percent, Republicans held 56.8 percent, and independents and other parties held 0.6 percent of the seats up for regular election.
- Following the 2018 election, Democrats held 47.3 percent, Republicans held 52.3 percent, and independents and other parties held 0.4 percent of the seats up for regular election.
- A total of 469 incumbents were defeated over the course of the election cycle, with roughly one-third of them defeated in the primary.
Want more information?
- Incumbents defeated in 2018's state legislative elections
- 2018 election analysis: Partisan balance of state legislative chambers
- 2018 election analysis: Number of state legislators by party
- 2018 election analysis: State legislative supermajorities
Candidates
General election candidates
Alabama House of Representatives General Election 2018 |
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Bobby James Dolan III (Independent) |
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Did not make the ballot: |
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Pete Willis (Independent) |
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Did not make the ballot: |
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Elijah Boyd (Libertarian Party) |
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| District 54 |
Joseph Casper Baker III (Independent) |
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Elaine Beech (i) |
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| District 78 |
Tijuanna Adetunji (Independent) |
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Matt Shelby (Libertarian Party) |
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Primary election candidates
The candidate list below is based on lists provided by the Democratic and Republican parties of Alabama on February 10, 2018. The filing deadline for the June primary was on February 9, 2018. (I) denotes an incumbent.[1][2]
Margins of victory
A margin of victory (MOV) analysis for the 2018 Alabama House of Representatives races is presented in this section. MOV represents the percentage of total votes that separated the winner and the second-place finisher. For example, if the winner of a race received 47 percent of the vote and the second-place finisher received 45 percent of the vote, the MOV is 2 percent.
The table below presents the following figures for each party:
- Elections won
- Elections won by less than 10 percentage points
- Elections won without opposition
- Average margin of victory[3]
| Alabama House of Representatives: 2018 Margin of Victory Analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Elections won | Elections won by less than 10% | Unopposed elections | Average margin of victory[3] |
| Total | ||||
The margin of victory in each race is presented below. The list is sorted from the closest MOV to the largest (including unopposed races).
Seats flipped
The below map displays each seat in the Alabama House of Representatives which changed partisan hands as a result of the 2018 elections, shaded according to the partisan affiliation of the winner in 2018. Hover over a shaded district for more information.
| State legislative seats flipped in 2018, Alabama House of Representatives | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| District | Incumbent | 2018 winner | Direction of flip |
| Alabama House of Representatives District 18 | D to R | ||
| Alabama House of Representatives District 28 | D to R | ||
| Alabama House of Representatives District 3 | D to R | ||
| Alabama House of Representatives District 39 | D to R | ||
| Alabama House of Representatives District 65 | D to R | ||
Incumbents retiring
Twenty-five incumbents did not run for re-election in 2018.[4] Those incumbents were:
Process to become a candidate
See statutes: Title 17 of the Code of Alabama
There are four methods by which a candidate can gain ballot access: with an officially recognized political party, with a minor party seeking political party status, as an independent, or as a write-in. Every candidate for state-level office must submit a statement of economic interests when he or she first files for office. Within five days of filing this document, every candidate must organize a campaign finance committee and file an appointment of principal campaign committee form with the Alabama Secretary of State. Only the candidates of officially recognized political parties can participate in the state primary election. All other candidates run in the general election.[5][6][7][8]
Political party candidates
All candidates seeking a party nomination for a non-county office (such as a federal, state, or state legislative office) must file a declaration of candidacy with the state party chair by 5:00 p.m. 116 days before the date of the primary. The state party chair must then certify the names of primary election candidates with the Alabama Secretary of State no later than 5 p.m. 82 days before the primary election. Candidates seeking a party nomination for a county office must file a declaration with the county party chair no later than 5:00 p.m. 116 days before the primary.[9][10][11]
A party candidate must pay a party filing fee. These fees are established by the parties.[12]
Minor party candidates
A minor party candidate is nominated at party meetings or conventions. Such meetings must be held before the primary election. The minor party must file certificates of nomination for each nominated candidate seeking a state or federal office with the Alabama Secretary of State. For county candidates, the certificate of nomination must be filed with the local Judge of Probate. These certificates are due on the day of the primary election.[13][14][15]
Independent candidates
An independent candidate must file a petition with the Alabama Secretary of State. The petition must contain the signatures of registered voters equal to at least 3 percent of the total vote cast for governor in the applicable electoral district in the last general election.[16][15]
This petition must be filed by 5 p.m. on the day of the primary election. A candidate cannot run as an independent if he or she ran in the primary election in the same year.[15][16]
Write-in candidates
There are no filing requirements for write-in candidates in Alabama.[17]
Qualifications
Members of the House must be 21 at the time of their election, and must have been citizens of Alabama for three years, having lived in their respective districts for at least one year immediately preceding their election.[18]
Salaries and per diem
- See also: Comparison of state legislative salaries
| State legislative salaries, 2024[19] | |
|---|---|
| Salary | Per diem |
| $59,674.08/year | No per diem is paid to legislators whose permanent residence is less than six hours away. Legislators who are 6-12 hrs from their permanent residence receive $12.75/day. Legislators who are over 12 hours away and have no overnight stay receive $34/day. |
When sworn in
Alabama legislators assume office the day following their election.[20]
Alabama political history
Party control
2018
In the 2018 elections, Republicans increased their majority in the Alabama House of Representatives from 72-32 to 77-28.
| Alabama House of Representatives | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | As of November 6, 2018 | After November 7, 2018 | |
| Democratic Party | 32 | 28 | |
| Republican Party | 72 | 77 | |
| Vacancy | 1 | 0 | |
| Total | 105 | 105 | |
2014
In the 2014 elections, Republicans increased their majority from 66-37 to 72-33.
| Alabama House of Representatives | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Party | As of November 3, 2014 | After November 4, 2014 | |
| Democratic Party | 37 | 33 | |
| Republican Party | 66 | 72 | |
| Independent | 1 | 0 | |
| Vacancy | 1 | 0 | |
| Total | 105 | 105 | |
Trifectas
A state government trifecta is a term that describes single-party government, when one political party holds the governor's office and has majorities in both chambers of the legislature in a state government. Republicans in Alabama gained a state government trifecta as a result of the 2010 elections. They defended their trifecta in the 2014 elections. Democrats had trifectas in the state from 1993 to 1994 and from 1999 to 2002.
Alabama Party Control: 1992-2025
Six years of Democratic trifectas • Fifteen years of Republican trifectas
Scroll left and right on the table below to view more years.
| Year | 92 | 93 | 94 | 95 | 96 | 97 | 98 | 99 | 00 | 01 | 02 | 03 | 04 | 05 | 06 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Governor | R | D | D | R | R | R | R | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
| Senate | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
| House | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | D | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R | R |
Wave election analysis
- See also: Wave elections (1918-2016)
The term wave election is frequently used to describe an election cycle in which one party makes significant electoral gains. How many seats would Republicans have had to lose for the 2018 midterm election to be considered a wave election?
Ballotpedia examined the results of the 50 election cycles that occurred between 1918 and 2016—spanning from President Woodrow Wilson's (D) second midterm in 1918 to Donald Trump's (R) first presidential election in 2016. We define wave elections as the 20 percent of elections in that period resulting in the greatest seat swings against the president's party.
Applying this definition to state legislative elections, we found that Republicans needed to lose 494 seats for 2018 to qualify as a wave election.
The chart below shows the number of seats the president's party lost in the 10 state legislative waves from 1918 to 2016. Click here to read the full report.
| State legislative wave elections | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Year | President | Party | Election type | State legislative seats change | Elections analyzed[21] | |
| 1932 | Hoover | R | Presidential | -1,022 | 7,365 | |
| 1922 | Harding | R | First midterm | -907 | 6,907 | |
| 1966 | Johnson | D | First midterm[22] | -782 | 7,561 | |
| 1938 | Roosevelt | D | Second midterm | -769 | 7,179 | |
| 1958 | Eisenhower | R | Second midterm | -702 | 7,627 | |
| 2010 | Obama | D | First midterm | -702 | 7,306 | |
| 1974 | Ford | R | Second midterm[23] | -695 | 7,481 | |
| 1920 | Wilson | D | Presidential | -654 | 6,835 | |
| 1930 | Hoover | R | Presidential | -640 | 7,361 | |
| 1954 | Eisenhower | R | First midterm | -494 | 7,513 | |
Competitiveness
Every year, Ballotpedia uses official candidate lists from each state to examine the competitiveness of every state legislative race in the country. Nationally, there has been a steady decline in electoral competitiveness since 2010. Most notable is that the number of districts with general election competition has dropped by more than 10 percent.
Results from 2016
Click here to read the full study »
Historical context
Uncontested elections: In 2014, 32.8 percent of Americans lived in states with an uncontested state senate election. Similarly, 40.4 percent of Americans lived in states with uncontested house elections. Primary elections were uncontested even more frequently, with 61 percent of people living in states with no contested primaries. Uncontested elections often occur in locations that are so politically one-sided that the result of an election would be a foregone conclusion regardless of whether it was contested or not.
Open seats: In most cases, an incumbent will run for re-election, which decreases the number of open seats available. In 2014, 83 percent of the 6,057 seats up for election saw the incumbent running for re-election. The states that impose term limits on their legislatures typically see a higher percentage of open seats in a given year because a portion of incumbents in each election are forced to leave office. Overall, the number of open seats decreased from 2012 to 2014, dropping from 21.2 percent in 2012 to 17.0 percent in 2014.
Incumbent win rates: Ballotpedia's competitiveness analysis of elections between 1972 and 2014 documented the high propensity for incumbents to win re-election in state legislative elections. In fact, since 1972, the win rate for incumbents had not dropped below 90 percent—with the exception of 1974, when 88 percent of incumbents were re-elected to their seats. Perhaps most importantly, the win rate for incumbents generally increased over time. In 2014, 96.5 percent of incumbents were able to retain their seats. Common convention holds that incumbents are able to leverage their office to maintain their seat. However, the high incumbent win rate may actually be a result of incumbents being more likely to hold seats in districts that are considered safe for their party.
Marginal primaries: Often, competitiveness is measured by examining the rate of elections that have been won by amounts that are considered marginal (5 percent or less). During the 2014 election, 90.1 percent of primary and general election races were won by margins higher than 5 percent. Interestingly, it is usually the case that only one of the two races—primary or general—will be competitive at a time. This means that if a district's general election is competitive, typically one or more of the district's primaries were won by more than 5 percent. The reverse is also true: If a district sees a competitive primary, it is unlikely that the general election for that district will be won by less than 5 percent. Primaries often see very low voter turnout in comparison to general elections. In 2014, there were only 27 million voters for state legislative primaries, but approximately 107 million voters for the state legislative general elections.
What's at stake
The Republican supermajority
In the Alabama House of Representatives, a party needs to control 63 of 105 seats—three-fifths of the chamber—to have supermajority status. Following the 2014 elections, Republicans controlled 72 seats, nine more than were needed for a supermajority. If they vote together, 63 legislators can do two things that a simple majority cannot: cut off debate on legislative business and approve constitutional amendments.
According to Rule 25 of the Alabama House Rules, three-fifths of members can vote to end debate on legislative business and bring the chamber to a vote, a process similar to ending a filibuster in the U.S. Senate.[24] For example, in a special session following the 2010 elections, the Republican majority in the Alabama House tried to pass a bill that would have prevented certain organizations, including the Alabama Education Association and the Alabama State Employees Association, from collecting dues via payroll deductions. Although Republicans held 66 seats and a majority of members supported the legislation, Democrats and a faction of Republicans kept the majority under the 63 votes it needed to close off debate.[25] The bill eventually passed.[26]
According to Article XVIII of the Alabama Constitution, affirmative votes from three-fifths of legislators in the state House and the state Senate are required to refer a proposed constitutional amendment to the voters for approval in a statewide vote. Click here to see a complete list of measures that appeared on the ballot in Alabama in 2018.
Redistricting in Alabama
- See also: Redistricting in Alabama
Because state senators in Alabama serve four-year terms, winning candidates in the 2018 election served through 2022 and played a role in Alabama's redistricting process—the drawing of boundary lines for congressional and state legislative districts. Prior to 2020-2022, redistricting last took place in Alabama from 2010-2012. Following a challenge by Democratic lawmakers to the legislative maps drawn in the 2010-2012 process, a panel of federal judges ruled in January 2017 that 12 state legislative districts had been subject to an unconstitutional racial gerrymander.
State legislature districts in the 2010-2012 redistricting process
2011 was the first year in which a GIS online platform was used during the redistricting process. On May 24, 2012, the Republican-controlled legislature approved state legislative redistricting maps. Maps for both chambers were passed during a special session. Soon after the plan passed in the Senate, the House approved the new plan. It next went to Gov. Robert Bentley (R) for his signature, then to the U.S. Department of Justice for preclearance. The Justice Department cleared the state legislative maps on October 5, 2012.[27][28][29][30]
Shelby County v. Holder
- See also: Shelby County v. Holder
In April 2010, Shelby County, Alabama, filed suit against the federal government "seeking to have Section 5 [of the Voting Rights Act] declared unconstitutional." Under Section 5, certain states and jurisdictions were required to submit to the federal government proposed changes in election laws prior to enactment to ensure that the alterations were not discriminatory. This process was known as preclearance. On June 25, 2013, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Shelby County v. Holder that "the coverage formula ... used to determine the states and political subdivisions subject to Section 5 preclearance was unconstitutional." Although the court did not directly address the constitutionality of preclearance itself, "it effectively halted" the use of the preclearance mechanism, according to The Leadership Conference.[31]
Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama
On August 10, 2012, state Democrats, black lawmakers, and others filed suit to block implementation of state legislative redistricting plans. According to the lawsuit, the plans diluted minority voting strength, violated the "one person, one vote" principle, and illegally split counties in order to consolidate Republican dominance in other districts. Meanwhile, Republican lawmakers argued that "they were complying with the Voting Rights Act in moving black voters to existing majority-minority districts."[32][33]
A three-judge federal district court panel rejected the challenge, but the case was appealed to the United States Supreme Court. On March 25, 2015, the court ruled in a 5-4 decision that the lower court's initial ruling was legally erroneous. In the court's majority opinion, Justice Stephen G. Breyer wrote, "That Alabama expressly adopted and applied a policy of prioritizing mechanical racial targets above all other districting criteria (save one-person, one-vote) provides evidence that race motivated the drawing of particular lines in multiple districts in the State." The court stopped short of deeming the district lines unconstitutional, however. Instead, the court sent the case back to federal district court for further review.[33][34]
On August 25, 2015, a federal court heard oral arguments in the case. The court ordered the plaintiffs, the Alabama Legislative Black Caucus and the Alabama Democratic Conference, to submit redistricting proposals by September 25, 2015. James Blacksher, an attorney representing the plaintiffs, said, "It’s an exercise, as we understand it, to help show whether the state was trying to target black percentages in each district, and thus sorting white and black voters by race. We believe our maps will show they could have accomplished all their objectives in a way that would not have split any precincts or sorted black voters from white voters." Meanwhile, Mike Lewis, a spokesperson for the state attorney general, said, "We continue to hold the position we raised in court that the plaintiffs have had more than enough time to offer alternative redistricting maps and have failed to do so."[35][36]
On January 20, 2017, a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama ruled that 12 challenged state legislative districts had been subject to an unconstitutional racial gerrymander. The court ordered state lawmakers to redraw the lines for the following districts:[37][38]
- Alabama State Senate District 20
- Alabama State Senate District 26
- Alabama State Senate District 28
- Alabama House of Representatives District 32
- Alabama House of Representatives District 53
- Alabama House of Representatives District 54
- Alabama House of Representatives District 70
- Alabama House of Representatives District 71
- Alabama House of Representatives District 77
- Alabama House of Representatives District 82
- Alabama House of Representatives District 85
- Alabama House of Representatives District 99
New state legislative district maps were adopted in May 2017.[39][40]
Lawsuits backed by National Redistricting Commission
On June 13, 2018, attorneys for Democratic voters in three states (Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana) filed three separate lawsuits in federal court, alleging in each that existing congressional district maps prevented black voters from electing candidates of their choosing, in violation of the Voting Rights Act. The suits were backed by the National Redistricting Commission, a nonprofit affiliate of the National Democratic Redistricting Committee, chaired by Eric Holder, former U.S. Attorney General. In a statement, Holder said, "The creation of additional districts in which African Americans have the opportunity to elect their preferred candidates in each of these states will be an important step toward making the voting power of African Americans more equal and moving us closer to the ideals of representative democracy." Matt Walter, president of the Republican State Leadership Committee, denounced the suits: "The cynical lawsuits filed today by Holder and the Democrats are crass attempts to rally the left-wing base and to elect more Democrats through litigation, instead of running winning campaigns on policies and ideas that voters actually want."[41]
The trial involving Alabama's congressional district plan began on November 4, 2019, with Judge Karon Bowdre, of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama, presiding.[42]
Pivot Counties
- See also: Pivot Counties by state
Pivot Counties are counties that voted for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012 and for Donald Trump (R) in 2016. Altogether, the nation had 206 Pivot Counties, with most being concentrated in upper midwestern and northeastern states. No counties in Alabama are Pivot Counties.
In the 2016 presidential election, Donald Trump (R) won Alabama with 62.1 percent of the vote. Hillary Clinton (D) received 34.4 percent. In presidential elections between 1900 and 2016, Alabama voted Democratic 53.33 percent of the time and Republican 40 percent of the time. In the five presidential elections between 2000 and 2016, Alabama voted Republican all five times.
See also
- Alabama House of Representatives
- Alabama State Legislature
- State legislative elections, 2018
- Alabama state legislative Democratic primaries, 2018
- Alabama state legislative Republican primaries, 2018
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ Alabama Democrats, "List of Qualified Candidates for 2018," February 9, 2018
- ↑ Alabama Republican Party, "2018 ALGOP Qualified Candidates," February 9, 2018
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Excludes unopposed elections
- ↑ Ballotpedia defines an incumbent as retiring if the incumbent did not file for office or filed for office but withdrew, was disqualified, or otherwise left a race in a manner other than losing the primary, primary runoff, or convention. If an incumbent runs as a write-in candidate, Ballotpedia does not consider them to be retiring. If an incumbent runs in the same chamber for a different seat, Ballotpedia does not consider them to be retiring.
- ↑ Alabama Code, "Section 17-13-1," accessed September 18, 2024
- ↑ 2023 Candidate Filing Guide, "Chapter 1, Getting Started," accessed September 18, 2024
- ↑ Code of Alabama, "Title 36, Chapter 25, Section 15," accessed September 18, 2024
- ↑ Code of Alabama 1975, "Title 17, Chapter 5, Section 4," accessed September 18, 2024
- ↑ Alabama Code, "Section 17-13-5," accessed September 19, 2024
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures," May 5, 2023
- ↑ 2023 Code of Alabama, "Title 17, Chapter 5, Section 2," accessed January 24, 2025
- ↑ Alabama Code, "Section 17-13-103," accessed September 19, 2024
- ↑ Alabama Secretary of State, "2024 Minor Party/Third Party Ballot Access," accessed September 10, 2024
- ↑ Alabama Code, "Section 17-13-50," accessed September 19, 2024
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Alabama Code, "Section 17-9-3," accessed September 19, 2024
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Alabama Secretary of State, "2024 Independent Candidate Ballot Access," accessed September 19, 2024
- ↑ Alabama Code, "Section 17-6-28," accessed September 19, 2024
- ↑ Alabama State House
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "2024 Legislator Compensation," August 21, 2024
- ↑ Justia, "Alabama Constitution, Article IV, Section 46," accessed November 22, 2016
- ↑ The number of state legislative seats available for analysis varied, with as many as 7,795 and as few as 6,835.
- ↑ Lyndon Johnson's (D) first term began in November 1963 after the death of President John F. Kennedy (D), who was first elected in 1960. Before Johnson had his first midterm in 1966, he was re-elected president in 1964.
- ↑ Gerald Ford's (R) first term began in August 1974 following the resignation of President Richard Nixon (R), who was first elected in 1968 and was re-elected in 1972. Because Ford only served for two full months before facing the electorate, this election is classified as Nixon's second midterm.
- ↑ Alabama Legislature, "House Rules," accessed May 29, 2017
- ↑ AL.com "Alabama House filibuster continues on payroll deduction bill," December 14, 2010
- ↑ AL.com "Alabama Senate gives final legislative approval to payroll deduction bill opposed by AEA," December 15, 2010
- ↑ tuscaloosanews.com, "Alabama Legislature passes redistricting plans," accessed April 21, 2015
- ↑ Geo Community, "Alabama moves its redistricting process to the web," January 20, 2011
- ↑ WAAYTV.com, "Alabama Legislature passes redistricting plans," May 24, 2012
- ↑ AL.com, "Bentley rejects Huntsville's alternative redistricting plan; signs Legislature's plan into law," June 8, 2011
- ↑ The Leadership Conference, "Shelby County v. Holder," accessed April 16, 2015
- ↑ The Birmingham News, "Alabama Legislative Black Caucus files lawsuit over redistricting plans," August 10, 2012
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Politico, "High Court reasserts Voting Rights Act in Alabama decision," March 25, 2015
- ↑ The Washington Post, "Supreme Court hands win to opponents of Alabama redistricting plan," March 25, 2015
- ↑ Montgomery Advertiser, "Federal judges see problems with Ala. legislative map," August 25, 2015
- ↑ Montgomery Advertiser, "Redistricting case: Plaintiffs must provide map proposals," September 1, 2015
- ↑ United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama, "Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama: Memorandum Opinion and Order," January 20, 2017
- ↑ AL.com, "Federal judges rule Alabama must redraw legislative districts," January 20, 2017
- ↑ BillTrack50, "AL SB403," May 19, 2017
- ↑ BillTrack50, "AL HB571," May 11, 2017
- ↑ Associated Press, "Lawsuits: Congressional maps dilute black voters in 3 states," June 13, 2018
- ↑ Associated Press, "Trial begins in challenge to congressional district map," November 3, 2019
