State legislative elections, 2024

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In the 50 states, there are 99 state legislative chambers altogether. Across 44 states, 85 of those chambers held regular legislative elections in 2024. These elections were for 5,807 of the country's 7,386 state legislative seats (79%). The general election for state legislative races was held on November 5, 2024.

Two state legislative chambers, the Michigan and Minnesota state Houses, changed party control following the 2024 general election. Republicans won control of the Michigan House from Democrats, and won a tie in the Minnesota House.

To learn more about the state legislative races that were on your ballot, click here to use our Sample Ballot Lookup tool.

States are also holding special state legislative elections in 2024 to fill vacant seats. Click here for more.

In the U.S. Territories, seven legislative chambers held regularly scheduled elections for 169 seats in 2024. Elections were held for the American Samoa House of Representatives, the Guam Legislature, the Puerto Rico Senate and House of Representatives, the Northern Mariana Islands Senate and House of Representatives, and the U.S. Virgin Islands Legislature.

On this page you will find:

Want to learn about other types of elections in 2024? Click one of the links below:

Election results, 2024

See also: Election results, 2024: State legislatures

Two state legislative chambers, the Michigan and Minnesota state Houses, changed party control following the 2024 general election. Republicans won control of the Michigan House from Democrats, and secured a tie in the Minnesota House.

There were elections for the members of 85 of the nation's 99 legislative chambers in 2024, representing 5,807 of the country's 7,386 state legislative seats (79%). Heading into the elections, Democrats controlled 33 of those chambers, Republicans controlled 50, and two chambers had power-sharing agreements. Afterwards, Democrats controlled 31, Republicans controlled 51, two had power-sharing agreements, and one was tied.

In total, Democrats controlled 39 chambers after the 2024 elections, Republicans controlled 57 chambers, power-sharing coalitions controlled two chambers, and one chamber was tied.

As a result of the 2024 elections, Democrats had a net loss of 32 state legislative seats, Republicans had a net gain of 42 seats, and Independents and minor party officeholders had a net gain of 16 seats.

Most chambers saw minor changes to partisan composition. Republicans recorded their biggest gains in New Hampshire, Maine, Michigan, and Vermont. Republicans expanded their majority in both New Hampshire chambers, reduced the Democratic majority in both Maine legislative chambers, won control of the Michigan House and broke the state’s Democratic trifecta, and broke the Democratic supermajority in Vermont.

Democrats recorded their biggest gains in Montana and Wisconsin. Democrats broke the Republican supermajority in Montana and in the Wisconsin Senate.

Democratic trifectas in Michigan and Minnesota were lost as a result of the 2024 elections. Republicans neither gained nor lost trifectas.

Forty-four states held elections for at least one state legislative chamber. Heading into the elections, 15 of those states had Democratic trifectas, 20 had Republican trifectas, and nine had divided governments. Afterwards, 13 had Democratic trifectas, 20 had Republican trifectas, and 11 had divided governments.

In total, there were 17 Democratic trifectas, 23 Republican trifectas, and 10 divided governments before the 2024 elections. After the elections, there were 15 Democratic trifectas (a loss of two), 23 Republican trifectas, and 12 divided governments (an increase of two).

Veto-proof supermajority status changed in seven states. Democrats lost supermajority status in New York and Vermont and gained it in Connecticut. while Republicans lost supermajority status in Montana and North Carolina and gained it in Iowa and South Carolina.

Of states that held legislative elections in 2024, eight state legislatures had Democratic supermajorities in both chambers, 18 had Republican supermajorities in both chambers, and neither party had a supermajority in 18 states before the election. After the election, seven state legislatures had Democratic supermajorities in both chambers, 18 had Republican supermajorities in both chambers, and neither party had a supermajority in 19 states.

In total across all 50 states, there were veto-proof majorities in 29 state legislatures before the election—nine Democratic and 20 Republican. After the election, there were veto-proof majorities in 28 state legislatures—eight Democratic (a loss of one) and 20 Republican.

Heading into the 2024 elections, four states had a governor of one party and a veto-proof state legislative majority of the opposing party: Kansas, Kentucky, North Carolina, and Vermont. After the elections, Kansas and Kentucky maintained that status, North Carolina and Vermont lost that status, and no new state became a veto-proof legislature with an opposing party governor.

The average margin of victory in the 2024 state legislative elections was 27.3%. Click here to read more.

The map below highlights states that held state legislative elections in 2024 by partisan control.

State legislative special elections

See also: State legislative special elections, 2024

In 2024, 52 state legislative special elections were scheduled for 2024 in 22 states. Between 2011 and 2023, an average of 71 special elections took place each year.

Impact of term limits

See also: Impact of term limits on state legislative elections in 2024
HIGHLIGHTS
  • In 2024, 179 state legislators—77 state senators and 102 state representatives—were term-limited in 2024. This represented 3.1% of the 5,807 total seats up for election in November 2024.[205]
  • There were fewer term-limited legislators in 2024 than in 2022 and 2020. In 2022 and 2020, there were 252 and 211 term-limited state legislators, respectively. Ballotpedia tracked the most term-limited legislators in 2010 when 375 legislators were termed out.
  • 100 Republicans were term-limited, while 66 Democrats and 13 independents were term-limited. In even-numbered election years between 2010 and 2022, Democrats averaged about 99 term-limited legislators, while Republicans averaged 148 term-limited legislators.
  • The Nebraska State Senate and Montana House of Representatives had the highest percentage of term-limited legislators in 2024. In the Nebraska Senate, 52% of the incumbents up for election were term-limited, while 17% of the Montana House were term-limited.

    • Electoral competitiveness

    See also: Annual State Legislative Competitiveness Report: Vol. 14, 2024

    Ballotpedia's 14th Annual State Legislative Competitiveness Report analyzed all 5,807 state legislative seats that were up for election on November 5, 2024, in 44 states.

    State legislative competitiveness in 2024 was below average for even years from 2010 to 2024.

    In 2024, the nationwide State Legislative Competitiveness Index was 33.2, down from the last three election cycles: 2022 (36.6), 2020 (33.4), and 2018 (36.1).

    State legislative competitiveness in 2024 (33.2) was below the 14-year competitiveness index average of 34.0. This average was for even-year elections only. Looking at averages across the last three even-year election cycles: 2024 had fewer open seats, incumbents in contested primaries, and seats with major competition.

    Key findings of this report include:

  • 962 seats were open (16.6%). This was the second-smallest number of open seats since Ballotpedia began gathering data in 2010.
  • 1,039 incumbents faced contested primaries (21.4%). This was roughly average compared to previous years, down from 26.8% in 2022 but higher than the 20.1% in 2020.
  • 3,583 seats were contested by both major parties (61.7%), higher than in 2022 (59.2%) but lower than in 2018 (66.3%) and 2020 (65.2%).


    • Nationwide State Legislative Competitiveness Index, 2024
    Chamber Open seats Incs. in contested primaries Major party competition Competitiveness Index
    House 15.7% 21.1% 61.7% 32.8
    Senate 20.4% 22.8% 61.9% 35.0
    Total 16.6% 21.4% 61.7% 33.2

    The graphic below combines these figures for every election cycle from 2010 to 2024, showing the change in competitiveness, and how each criterion affects the overall competitiveness indices, over time.

    Trifectas from 2010 to 2023

    See also: State government trifectas

    A state government trifecta occurs when one political party controls the primary levers of power in a state: the governor's office, the state Senate, and the state House. From 2010 to 2018, the Republican Party increased its number of trifectas and the Democratic Party saw a decline in its trifectas. Democrats picked up six trifectas in the 2018 elections, and Republicans lost four trifectas. Following the 2021 elections, the Democratic trifecta in Virginia became a split government after Republicans gained control of the state House and governorship. After the 2023 elections, the divided government in Louisiana became a Republican trifecta when Jeff Landry (R) won election as governor.

    This chart shows the number of trifectas each party held heading into elections from 2010 to 2023, and the number of trifectas following the 2023 elections.

    Trifectas by year: 2010-2023
    Election Democratic trifectas Republican trifectas States under divided government
    Pre-2010 elections 17 10 23
    Pre-2012 elections 11 22 17
    Pre-2014 elections 12 24 14
    Pre-2016 elections 7 23 20
    Pre-2018 elections 8 26 16
    Pre-2020 elections 15 21 14
    Pre-2021 elections 15 23 12
    Pre-2022 elections 14 23 13
    Post-2022 elections 17 22 11
    Pre-2023 elections 17 22 11
    Post-2023 elections 17 23 10


    In the U.S. Territories, seven legislative chambers held regularly scheduled elections for 169 seats in 2024. Elections were held for the American Samoa House of Representatives, the Guam Legislature, the Puerto Rico Senate and House of Representatives, the Northern Mariana Islands Senate and House of Representatives, and the U.S. Virgin Islands Legislature.

    As of March 13th, 2025, Republicans controlled 55.69% of all state legislative seats nationally, while Democrats held 43.68%. Republicans held a majority in 58 chambers, and Democrats held the majority in 39 chambers. Two chambers (Alaska House and Alaska Senate) were organized under multipartisan, power-sharing coalitions.

    Partisan balance of all 7,386 state legislative seats
    Legislative chamber Democratic Party Republican Party Grey.png Other Vacant
    State senates 836 1,127 3 7
    State houses 2,390 2,986 19 18
    Total: 3,226

    		4,113

    		22

    		25


    Featured analysis

    • State legislative seats that changed party control in 2024: As a result of the Nov. 5, 2024, elections, partisan composition of all 7,386 state legislative seats changed by 0.7 percentage points. Democrats had a net loss of 54 seats, representing 0.7% of all state legislative seats. Republicans had a net gain of 55 seats, representing 0.7% of all state legislative seats. Independents and minor party officeholders had a net loss of one seat, representing 0.01% of all state legislative seats.
    • Annual State Legislative Competitiveness Report: Vol. 12, 2022: Competitiveness refers to the presence of choice throughout the election cycle. A greater level of competitiveness means voters have the ability to make more decisions. A lower level of competitiveness equals fewer choices. State legislative competitiveness in 2022 reached its highest level compared to all even-year election cycles since 2010. In 2022, the nationwide State Legislative Competitiveness Index is 36.2, beating out 2018 (36.1) and the 2012 post-redistricting cycle (35.2).

    More related analysis

    Tap the box below to show more analysis articles related to the 2024 state legislative elections.


    See also

    Other elections

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    Footnotes

    1. ↑ JUSTIA US Law, "Alaska Statutes, Sec. 24.05.080," accessed November 1, 2021
    2. ↑ Alaska’s Constitution, "A Citizen’s Guide," accessed November 1, 2021
    3. ↑ Arizona Revised Statutes, "41-1101, Section B," accessed November 22, 2016
    4. ↑ Justia, "Arkansas Constitution Article 5 - Legislative Department Section 5 - Time of meeting," accessed October 26, 2021
    5. ↑ California Constitution, "Article 4, Section 2. (a)(3)," accessed November 1, 2021
    6. ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Colorado Constitution - Article 5, Section 7," accessed February 9, 2021
    7. ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Colorado Constitution - Article 4, Section 1," accessed February 9, 2021
    8. ↑ Colorado Secretary of State, "Colorado Constitution - Article 4, Section 3," accessed February 9, 2021
    9. ↑ Colorado LegiSource, "Surprise! The 2019 Legislative Session Convening a Week Earlier," September 20, 2018
    10. ↑ Connecticut Constitution, "Article Three, Section 10," accessed November 1, 2021
    11. ↑ Delaware Constitution, "Article II, Section 3," accessed November 1, 2021
    12. ↑ Delaware Constitution, "Article II, Section 4," accessed November 1, 2021
    13. ↑ Florida Constitution, "Article III, Section 15(d)," accessed November 22, 2016
    14. ↑ Georgia Secretary of State, "Georgia Constitution - Article III, Section IV, Paragraph I," accessed February 12, 2021
    15. ↑ Legislative Reference Bureau, "Hawaii Constitution, Article III, Section 4," accessed November 1, 2021
    16. ↑ Idaho Constitution, "Article III, Section 3," accessed December 18, 2019
    17. ↑ Illinois Constitution, "Article 4, Section 5a," accessed November 1, 2021
    18. ↑ Indiana Constitution, "Article 4, Section 3," accessed November 1, 2021
    19. ↑ JUSTIA US Law, "Iowa Code, Section 39.8 - Term of office," accessed November 1, 2021
    20. ↑ Iowa Secretary of State, "Terms of Offices for Elected Officials," accessed November 1, 2021
    21. ↑ Iowa Constitution, "Article III, Legislative Department, Section 3," accessed November 1, 2021
    22. ↑ Kansas Constitution, "Article Two, Section 2", accessed February 9, 2021
    23. ↑ Kentucky Constitution, "Section 30," accessed February 10, 2021
    24. ↑ Maine Constitution, "Article IV. Part First., Section 2," accessed November 1, 2021
    25. ↑ Maine Constitution, "Article IV. Part Second., Section 5," accessed November 1, 2021
    26. ↑ Massachusetts Constitution, "Article LXXXII," accessed February 12, 2021
    27. ↑ Michigan Constitution, "Article XI, Section 2," accessed February 12, 2021
    28. ↑ Minnesota.gov, "Minnesota Statute 3.05," accessed January 13, 2025
    29. ↑ Minnesota.gov, "Minnesota Statute 3.011," accessed January 13, 2025
    30. ↑ Missouri Revisor of Statutes, "Article III Section 20. Regular sessions of assembly — quorum — compulsory attendance — public sessions — limitation on power to adjourn.," accessed November 1, 2021
    31. ↑ Montana State Legislature, "Montana Code Annotated 2021, 5-2-102. Term of office," accessed November 4, 2021
    32. ↑ Nebraska Constitution, "Article III-10," accessed November 4, 2021
    33. ↑ Nevada Constitution, "Article 4, Section 4," accessed November 1, 2021
    34. ↑ New Hampshire Constitution, "Part II, Article 3," accessed February 10, 2021
    35. ↑ New Mexico Constitution, "Article IV, Section 4, accessed November 1, 2021
    36. ↑ New York Senate, "New York Constitution, Article XIII, Section 4," accessed November 1, 2021
    37. ↑ North Carolina Constitution, "Article II, Section 9," accessed February 12, 2021
    38. ↑ North Dakota Constitution, "Article IV, Section 7," accessed February 12, 2021
    39. ↑ Ohio Constitution, "Article 2, Section 02," accessed November 1, 2021
    40. ↑ Ohio.gov, "A Guidebook for Ohio Legislators," accessed November 1, 2021
    41. ↑ Oklahoma State Courts Network, "Oklahoma Statutes Citationized 14 O.S. § 80.35.14," accessed November 2, 2021
    42. ↑ Oklahoma State Courts Network, "Oklahoma Statutes Citationized 14 O.S. § 141 ," accessed November 2, 2021
    43. ↑ Oregon Constitution, "Article IV, Section 4," accessed February 17, 2021
    44. ↑ Pennsylvania Constitution, "Article II, Section 2," accessed November 1, 2021
    45. ↑ Rhode Island Constitution, "Article VI, Section 3," accessed February 17, 2021
    46. ↑ South Carolina Constitution, "Article III, Section 10," accessed November 1, 2021
    47. ↑ South Dakota Constitution, "Article 3, Section 7," accessed November 20, 2012
    48. ↑ Tennessee Constitution, "Article II, Section 3," accessed November 1, 2021
    49. ↑ Texas Government Code, "Title 3., Subtitle A., Sec. 301.001," accessed February 17, 2021
    50. ↑ Texas Constitution, "Article 3. Legislative Department, Section 4," accessed November 4, 2021
    51. ↑ Utah Constitution, "Article VI, Section 3," accessed February 17, 2021
    52. ↑ Utah Constitution, "Article VI, Section 4," accessed February 17, 2021
    53. ↑ Vermont Constitution, "Chapter II, Section 46," accessed February 4, 2021
    54. ↑ Washington State Legislature, "RCW 44.04.021 Commencement of terms of office," accessed February 17, 2021
    55. ↑ West Virginia Constitution, "Article IV, Section 7," accessed February 9, 2021
    56. ↑ Wisconsin Statutes, "Chapter 13: Legislative Branch: 13.02 Regular sessions," accessed October 5, 2021
    57. ↑ Justia, "2020 Wyoming Statutes Title 22 - Elections Chapter 2 - General Provisions Section 22-2-107 - When Elected State and County Officers Assume Offices.," accessed November 4, 2021
    58. ↑ CNalysis, "State Legislative Forecasts," accessed October 10, 2024
    59. ↑ Sabato's Crystal Ball, "2024’s Battleground State Legislative Chambers," October 10, 2024
    60. ↑ The chamber's governing coalition consists of all 9 Democrats and 8 of the chamber's 11 Republicans.
    61. ↑ The chamber's governing coalition consists of 19 of the chamber's 21 Republicans, two Democrats, and two independents.
    62. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named coalition
    63. ↑ Alaska Senate, "Senate Continues Bipartisan Coalition and Announces Leadership Positions," November 7, 2024
    64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Alaska Beacon, "After Alaska’s primary election, here’s how the state’s legislative races are shaping up," September 6, 2024
    65. ↑ Anchorage Daily News, "Internal friction hampers Alaska’s influential Bush Caucus," March 30, 2024
    66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Alaska Beacon, "After Alaska’s primary election, here’s how the state’s legislative races are shaping up," September 6, 2024
    67. ↑ Alaska Beacon, "For rural Alaska lawmakers, local issues trumped party interests and swung the state House," January 24, 2023
    68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 ABC News, "AP Decision Notes: What to expect in Arizona on Election Day," October 21, 2024
    69. ↑ The Arizona Mirror, "Record outside spending floods Arizona legislative races as Dems make their play for a majority," October 21, 2024
    70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 NBC News, "Arizona Gov. Katie Hobbs signs repeal of 1864 abortion ban," May 2, 2024
    71. ↑ NPR, "Tired of presidential politics? Here’s where power could shift in state capitols, too," October 3, 2024
    72. ↑ NPR, "In Arizona, will abortion access and immigration ballot measures drive turnout?" June 12, 2024
    73. ↑ NBC News, "These are the battlegrounds where state legislative control is up for grabs," September 28, 2024
    74. ↑ The Arizona Mirror, "Record outside spending floods Arizona legislative races as Dems make their play for a majority," October 21, 2024
    75. ↑ NPR, "Tired of presidential politics? Here’s where power could shift in state capitols, too," October 3, 2024
    76. ↑ Arizona Mirror, "AZ House has voted to repeal the 1864 abortion ban upheld by the Supreme Court," April 24, 2024
    77. ↑ NPR, "In Arizona, will abortion access and immigration ballot measures drive turnout?" June 12, 2024
    78. ↑ NBC News, "These are the battlegrounds where state legislative control is up for grabs," September 28, 2024
    79. ↑ NPR, "Democrats in Kansas hope to end Repuclicans' reign in the state legislature
    80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 KCUR 89.3, "A Republican supermajority at stake in Kansas," October 10, 2024
    81. ↑ CNalysis, "Kansas," accessed October 30, 2024
    82. ↑ X, "Chaz Nuttycombe," November 5, 2024
    83. ↑ NPR, "Democrats in Kansas hope to end Repuclicans' reign in the state legislature
    84. ↑ Detroit Free Press, "New Michigan House map approved ahead of election to decide which party controls chamber," March 27, 2024
    85. ↑ WZMQ, "Michigan Democrats receive $500,000 from the National Democratic Legislative Campaign Committee." September 5, 2024
    86. ↑ Politico, "These 5 states are the most likely to see legislative chambers flip in November," June 19, 2024
    87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 CBS News, "Recounts certify election results in two Minnesota House races," November 25, 2024
    88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Axios, "Battle for control of Minnesota House could result in rare tie, as GOP wins bring end to DFL trifecta," Nov. 6, 2024
    89. ↑ Minnesota State Legislature, "204C.35-361," accessed April 19, 2024
    90. ↑ Minnesota Secretary of State, "Results for State Representative District 14B," accessed November 13, 2024
    91. ↑ CBS News, "Recounts possible as Minnesota GOP questions results in 2 House races," November 12, 2024
    92. ↑ Minnesota Secretary of State, "Results for State Representative District 54A," accessed November 13, 2024
    93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 MinnPost, "Is the Minnesota House up for grabs in the 2024 election or will the DFL hold it?" June 26, 2024
    94. ↑ Minnesota Reformer, "Minnesota Democrats report record fundraising numbers with over a month left until election," September 25, 2024
    95. ↑ State Freedom Caucus Network, "Missouri," accessed August 7, 2024
    96. ↑ The Kansas City Star, "Dueling at high noon? Missouri Senate Republicans, gripped by conflict, look for way out," January 25, 2024
    97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 Missouri Independent, "Tempers flare in Missouri Senate during GOP fight over initiative petition changes," January 18, 2024
    98. ↑ Springfield News-Leader, "Open seats, primary challenges mean Missouri Senate will see most turnover in two decades," March 27, 2024
    99. ↑ Missouri Independent, "Freedom Caucus ends filibuster in Missouri Senate without action on its demands," May 2, 2024
    100. ↑ Michigan Advance, "Freedom Caucuses push for conservative state laws, but getting attention is their big success," April 19, 2024
    101. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named stall
    102. ↑ Nevada Current, "Only 1 vote shy of a Nevada Senate supermajority, Democrats look to flip a seat (or more)," April 2, 2024
    103. ↑ 'Nevada Appeal, "Lombardo working to prevent Democratic super majorities," November 9, 2023
    104. ↑ The Nevada Independent, "Did Gov. Joe Lombardo veto the most bills in a single Nevada legislative session?" accessed October 8, 2024
    105. ↑ News 3 LV, "Nevada Democrats launch new 'Veto Villain' campaign against Gov. Lombardo, aim for supermajorities," December 4, 2023
    106. ↑ The Nevada Independent, "IndyTalks: Lombardo vows ‘to use everything available’ to retain veto power," March 12, 2024
    107. ↑ KOLO, "Nevada one seat from becoming single-party state like California," October 16, 2024
    108. ↑ Nevada Current, "Can Lombardo break the Democrats’ Assembly supermajority? Here’s a look at the terrain." March 29, 2024
    109. ↑ Nevada Current, "The Lombardo Machine? Election season officially begins for state legislators, hopefuls," March 6, 2024
    110. ↑ Nevada Current, "National Democrats announce support for 7 Nevada legislative candidates," July 2, 2024
    111. ↑ The Nevada Independent, "With supermajority at stake, fundraising battle is tight in key Nevada legislative races," October 18, 2024
    112. ↑ Transparency USA, "Better Nevada PAC- Expenditures," accessed October 21, 2024
    113. ↑ The Las Vegas Review-Journal, "What would a Democratic supermajority in the legislature look like?" September 21, 2024
    114. ↑ The Nevada Independent, "Did Gov. Joe Lombardo veto the most bills in a single Nevada legislative session?" accessed October 8, 2024
    115. ↑ New Hampshire, "State Constitution - House of Representatives," accessed October 30, 2024
    116. ↑ Politico, "These 5 states are the most likely to see legislative chambers flip in November," June 19, 2-24
    117. ↑ 'NBC News, "These are the battlegrounds where state legislative control is up for grabs," September 28, 2024
    118. ↑ The New York Times, "Democrat’s U-Turn to Join the G.O.P. Upends North Carolina Politics," April 5, 2023
    119. ↑ Courthouse News Service, "North Carolina redistricting cements GOP control of Legislature," October 25, 2023
    120. ↑ WUNC, "New district maps show signs of GOP partisan gerrymandering," October 24, 2023
    121. ↑ The New York Times, "Democrat’s U-Turn to Join the G.O.P. Upends North Carolina Politics," April 5, 2023
    122. ↑ Courthouse News Service, "North Carolina redistricting cements GOP control of Legislature," October 25, 2023
    123. ↑ WUNC, "New district maps show signs of GOP partisan gerrymandering," October 24, 2023
    124. ↑ Cleveland.com, "Ohio Republican Party passes resolution condemning 22 GOP lawmakers over bipartisan Ohio House speaker vote," January 6, 2023
    125. ↑ Pluribus News, "Dems, GOP pump millions into legislative elections," September 3, 2024
    126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 Pennsylvania Independent, "Pennsylvania Democrats haven’t had a trifecta in 31 years. Could that change in November?" June 18, 2024
    127. ↑ PBS News, "Pennsylvania Democrats keep 1-seat majority control of the state House," November 8, 2024
    128. ↑ Spotlight PA, "Democrats win control of Pennsylvania state House after picking up 12 seats," November 16, 2022
    129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Elections 2024: 4 Trends to Watch on Election Night," October 29, 2024
    130. ↑ WHYY, "Pennsylvania Democrats just lost the House majority, yet remain in control. Here’s how," July 17, 2024
    131. ↑ Pennsylvania Capital-Star, "Newly elected Pennsylvania Reps Keith Harris and Andre Carroll take oaths of office," September 30, 2024
    132. ↑ Associated Press, "1-seat Democratic margin has Pennsylvania House control up for grabs in fall voting," October 15, 2024
    133. ↑ Pluribus News, "Dems, GOP pump millions into legislative elections," September 3, 2024
    134. ↑ Chalkbeat, "Tennessee’s universal school voucher plan is dead for now, governor acknowledges," April 22, 2024
    135. ↑ Tennessee Lookout, "Tennessee’s school voucher debate turns to competitive Republican state House and Senate primaries," May 2, 2024
    136. ↑ Chalkbeat, "Tennessee’s universal school voucher plan is dead for now, governor acknowledges," April 22, 2024
    137. ↑ Tennessee Lookout, "Tennessee’s school voucher debate turns to competitive Republican state House and Senate primaries," May 2, 2024
    138. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "Texas AG Ken Paxton impeached, suspended from duties; will face Senate trial," May 27, 2023
    139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 139.2 Facebook, "Ken Paxton on February 12, 2024," accessed February 16, 2024 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "PaxtonEndorse" defined multiple times with different content
    140. ↑ Houston Public Media, "GOP-led Texas House votes to remove school voucher provision from education bill," November 17, 2023
    141. ↑ Texas House of Representatives, "Friday, November, 17, 2023 — 5th Day (cont'd)," November 17, 2023
    142. ↑ KENS 5, "Greg Abbott will use $19 million he raised in 2023 to target anti-voucher Republicans," January 11, 2024
    143. ↑ Greg Abbott campaign website, "News," accessed February 16, 2024
    144. ↑ Greg Abbott campaign website, "News," accessed February 16, 2024
    145. ↑ 145.0 145.1 145.2 145.3 The Texas Tribune "Greg Abbott, Ken Paxton declare victory in attack on House GOP defectors," March 6, 2024
    146. ↑ NBC News, "Trump dives into a Texas political feud with his latest endorsement," January 30, 2024
    147. ↑ Republican Party of Texas, "Republican Party of Texas Censures Speaker Dade Phelan," February 10, 2024
    148. ↑ The Texas Tribune, "Texas AG Ken Paxton impeached, suspended from duties; will face Senate trial," May 27, 2023
    149. ↑ Houston Public Media, "GOP-led Texas House votes to remove school voucher provision from education bill," November 17, 2023
    150. ↑ Texas House of Representatives, "Friday, November, 17, 2023 — 5th Day (cont'd)," November 17, 2023
    151. ↑ KENS 5, "Greg Abbott will use $19 million he raised in 2023 to target anti-voucher Republicans," January 11, 2024
    152. ↑ Greg Abbott campaign website, "News," accessed April 4, 2024
    153. ↑ Republican Party of Texas, "Republican Party of Texas Censures Speaker Dade Phelan," February 10, 2024
    154. ↑ NBC News, "Trump dives into a Texas political feud with his latest endorsement," January 30, 2024
    155. ↑ 155.0 155.1 155.2 155.3 The New York Times, "Why Democrats Lost More Seats in Vermont Than Any Other State," December 14, 2024
    156. ↑ Seven Days, "Vermont Lawmakers Override Six of the Governor's Eight Vetoes," June 17, 2024
    157. ↑ Burlington Free Press, "Vermont Legislature makes history, overrides six vetoes," June 21, 2024
    158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named CNalysis
    159. ↑ Seven Days, "Vermont Lawmakers Override Six of the Governor's Eight Vetoes," June 17, 2024
    160. ↑ Burlington Free Press, "Vermont Legislature makes history, overrides six vetoes," June 21, 2024
    161. ↑ Office of the Governor, "Gov. Evers Signs Fair Maps for Wisconsin," February 19, 2024
    162. ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "See Wisconsin's new state legislative maps signed by Gov. Tony Evers,"
    163. ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "See Wisconsin's new state legislative maps signed by Gov. Tony Evers,"
    164. ↑ 164.0 164.1 164.2 WyoFile, "Hard-line Republicans gather in pursuit of ‘the prize’: control of the statehouse," July 10, 2024
    165. ↑ State Freedom Caucus Network, "Wyoming," accessed August 5, 2024
    166. ↑ Cowboy State Daily, "Conservative Movement: Freedom Caucus Could Gain Control Of House In ’24," July 10, 2024
    167. ↑ WyoFile, "Wyoming governor shoots down bill to eliminate gun-free zones," March 22, 2024
    168. ↑ WyoFile, "Two new abortion bans to become law in Wyoming," March 17, 2023
    169. ↑ WyoFile, "Crossover voting bill goes to governor’s desk," February 27, 2024
    170. ↑ WyoFile, "Wyoming bans most gender-affirming medical care for children" March 22, 2024
    171. ↑ News Letter Journal, "Revisiting the colors of the freedom caucus," May 3, 2024
    172. ↑ Wyoming News, "Wyoming Freedom Caucus announces launch of political action committee," April 18, 2023
    173. ↑ WyoFile, "Far-right advances motivate ‘pro-Wyoming’ lawmakers to organize," March 29, 2023
    174. ↑ WyoFile, "Hard-line Republicans gather in pursuit of ‘the prize’: control of the statehouse," July 10, 2024
    175. ↑ Cowboy State Daily, "Gordon’s PAC Hits High Gear With Endorsements, Money For Freedom Caucus Opponents," July 29, 2024
    176. ↑ Oil City News, "Record cash flowed into Wyo’s elections. Here’s where it went." November 18, 2022
    177. ↑ Cowboy State Daily, "Campaign Finance Reports Released: Gordon Is Wyoming's Largest Donor," August 14, 2024
    178. ↑ The term state legislative leader refers to any officeholder holding any of the following positions in a state legislature: president, president pro tem, speaker, speaker pro tem, majority leader or minority leader.
    179. ↑ This figure includes officeholders whose primaries were canceled because no challenger filed.
    180. ↑ A top-two primary is only considered to be contested if more than two candidates filed, meaning there was a chance for a candidate to be eliminated in the primary.
    181. ↑ In a primary where only one candidate can advance, the margin of victory is the percentage difference in vote totals between the winner and the runner-up. In a primary where multiple candidates can advance, the margin of victory is the percentage difference in vote totals between the lowest-placing winner and the highest-placing loser.
    182. ↑ Margin of victory for the runoff. Phelan and challenger David Covey (R) advanced to a runoff because neither received more than 50% of the vote in the primary. Phelan placed second in the primary with 43.3%.
    183. ↑ 183.0 183.1 Delaware General Assembly, "Representative Valerie Longhurst," accessed September 20, 2024
    184. ↑ Valerie Longhurst 2024 campaign website, "Legislation," accessed September 20, 2024
    185. ↑ 185.0 185.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named delonline
    186. ↑ Delaware Online, "New Castle County state representative primary results: Speaker of the House upset," September 10, 2024
    187. ↑ WDEL.com, "Delaware House Speaker Longhurst falls in district race, Evans Gay gets Dems' Lt. Gov nod," September 10, 2024
    188. ↑ KHON2, "Kim Coco Iwamoto unseats Scott Saiki in latest poll results," August 11, 2024
    189. ↑ Scott Saiki campaign website, "Vision," accessed August 12, 2024
    190. ↑ Idaho Statesman, "Idaho’s House speaker retains top spot after challenge, new leader selected in Senate," December 3, 2020
    191. ↑ Chuck Winder 2024 campaign website, "Idaho Statesman Endorses Senator Winder," accessed June 30, 2024
    192. ↑ Josh Keyser 2024 campaign website, "Home page," accessed June 30, 2024
    193. ↑ Idaho Statesman, "GOP primary race in Boise pits Republican leader against challenger backed by IFF wing," May 19, 2024
    194. ↑ KTVB, "Idaho Senate president pro tem ousted in primary election," May 22, 2024
    195. ↑ U.S. News & World Report, "Oklahoma Senate President Pro Tem Announces New Leadership," October 27, 2021
    196. ↑ KFOR, "Man chosen as next Oklahoma Senate President Pro Tem loses primary election," June 20, 2024
    197. ↑ Greg McCortney 2024 campaign website, "Home page," accessed June 30, 2024
    198. ↑ Jonathan Wingard 2024 campaign website, "About Me," accessed June 30, 2024
    199. ↑ KFOR, "Man chosen as next Oklahoma Senate President Pro Tem loses primary election," June 20, 2024
    200. ↑ KGOU, "Republican primary election upset shakes up State Senate leadership," June 28, 2024
    201. ↑ The Intelligencer, "W.Va. House Announces Leadership Changes, State Senate Has Slight Changes," December 16, 2020
    202. ↑ Craig Blair 2024 campaign website, "Home page," accessed June 30, 2024
    203. ↑ Tom Willis 2024 campaign website, "Home page," accessed June 30, 2024
    204. ↑ West Virginia MetroNews, "Dust settles on Senate races with changes ahead," May 15, 2024
    205. ↑ Some of the 179 term-limited state legislators in 2024 may have resigned before their term ends. These legislators were still counted in the total number of term-limited legislators in 2024.
    206. ↑ Totals may include minor party or independent officeholders.
    207. ↑ The Washington Post, "Virginia Republicans snatched control of the state Senate, ended budget-Medicaid impasse," June 9, 2014
    208. ↑ 2015 and 2013 are not included because no chambers changed those years.
    209. ↑ The chamber first changed from Democratic to Republican control in a February 2011 special election. Republicans increased their majority to 24-15 in the 2011 elections.
    210. ↑ Fox News, "GOP Candidate Wins Lousiana [sic] Senate Special Election, Shifting Majority," February 20, 2011
    211. ↑ Chamber went from being controlled by a Democratic-led bipartisan coalition to being led by a coalition with power split between the parties.
    212. ↑ Chamber went from a Republican majority to a bipartisan governing coalition.
    213. ↑ The chamber changed partisan control prior to the 2011 elections due to Democrats switching to the Republican Party and special election wins by Republicans. Republicans increased their majority in the 2011 elections to 31-21.
    214. ↑ The Washington Post, "Southern Democrats in dire straits; 2011 looms large," January 11, 2011
    215. ↑ In the 2011 elections, the chamber changed from a 22-18 Democratic advantage to a 20-20 tie. Republicans effectively controlled the chamber because Lieutenant Gov. Bill Bolling (R) could cast tie-breaking votes.
    216. ↑ Democrats won a majority of seats, but did not have a majority when the legislative session began due to vacancies created during the interim.
    217. ↑ This chamber did not hold elections in 2010. It switched partisan control in December 2010 when Democrat Noble Ellington changed his party affiliation to Republican. In the regularly-scheduled 2011 elections, Republicans increased their majority to 58-45.
    218. ↑ Nola.com, "Louisiana Republicans take first House majority since Reconstruction with latest party switch," December 17, 2010
    219. ↑ In this election, the Oregon House changed from a 30-30 tie to a 34-26 Democratic advantage.
    220. ↑ This chamber went from a 50-50 tie to a 68-32 Republican advantage in the 2010 elections.
    221. ↑ This chamber went from a 36-24 Democratic advantage to a 30-30 tie in the 2010 elections.
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