Redistricting in Wisconsin after the 2010 census
 in Wisconsin |
| Note: Redistricting takes place every 10 years after completion of the United States Census. The information here pertains to the 2010 redistricting process. For information on more recent redistricting developments, see this article. |
| Redistricting in Wisconsin | |
 | |
| General information | |
| Partisan control: Republican | |
| Process: Legislative authority; Governor can veto | |
| Deadline: End of 2011 session | |
| Total seats | |
| Congress: 8 | |
| State Senate: 33 | |
| State House: 99 | |
This article details the timeline of redistricting events in Wisconsin following the 2010 census. It also provides contextual information about the redistricting process and census information.
Process
- See also: State-by-state redistricting procedures
During the 2010 redistricting cycle, the members of the state Assembly and Senate established a committee to draw lines for the state legislative and Congressional boundaries. The governor could veto any redistricting plan for any reason. There was no deadline set by law for Congressional redistricting, but the deadline for legislative redistricting was the beginning of the first legislative session after the Census[1].
The Wisconsin Constitution provided authority to the Legislature for legislative redistricting in Section 3 of Article IV.
Census Results
Wisconsin remained at eight congressional seats as a result of the 2010 Census[2]. Ideal Congressional districts would have 710,873 residents each. That meant that Districts 1,2, and 3 needed to lose population, while 4, 5, 6, and 8 needed to gain some population.
On March 9, 2011, the Census Bureau shipped Wisconsin's local census data to the governor and legislative leaders. This data guided redistricting for state and local offices. The data was publicly available for download.[3]
City/county population changes
These tables show the change in population in the five largest cities and counties in Wisconsin from 2000-2010.[4]
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Congressional redistricting
On July 19, 2011, the state Senate passed the new congressional map along party lines, with the Assembly passing the plan two days later.[5] Democrats called the plans an unconstitutional power grab and argued the process moved too quickly.[6] They were not able to offer an alternative plan in either chamber and said there was not time to come up with one.[7]
Gov. Scott Walker signed the new maps into law on August 9.[8]
Legislative redistricting
On June 7, 2011, Senate Majority Leader Scott Fitzgerald declined to say when maps would be ready for a vote. Fitzgerald said there would be public hearings on the maps, but that he was advised by counsel not to comment on the process since it would most likely end up in court.[9]
Gov. Scott Walker signed a bill on July 25 that allowed the state to redistrict before local governments complete their maps. The bill also required the state Supreme Court to create a three-judge panel to hear challenges to the new congressional and legislative maps.[10]
July 2011: Maps released
Republicans publicly unveiled their plan on July 8, 2011. An early analysis said the new map put at least 11 pairs of lawmakers in the same districts.[11]
Assembly Minority Leader Peter Barca (D) called on Gov. Walker to reject the maps in favor of a more nonpartisan approach, calling it "a significant test of leadership for Gov. Walker."[12] Walker rejected this request, saying he had not even seen the maps yet.
July 2011: Hearings held
Legislative hearings on the maps were held on July 13, 2011. Marquette law professor Richard Esenberg testified that the maps would withstand any legal challenge.[13]
July 2011: Maps pass
On July 19, 2011, the state Senate passed new legislative and congressional maps along party lines, with the Assembly passing them two days later.[5] Democrats called the plans an unconstitutional power grab and argued the process moved too quickly.[6] They were not able to offer an alternative plan in either chamber, saying there was not time to come up with one.[14]
August 2011: Maps become law
Gov. Scott Walker signed the new maps into law on August 9, 2011.[8]
Walker's press secretary Cullen Werwie issued a one sentence statement that read, “The maps passed by the Legislature meet the criteria laid out by the courts including communities of interest, fair minority representation and compact, contiguous districts.”[15]
Legal issues
June 2011: Citizen lawsuit
On June 10, 2011, fifteen citizens, including former Senate Majority Leader Judy Robson, filed a lawsuit seeking new redistricting maps to be drawn by a panel of judges.
Robson said, “We are petitioning the court to redraw the legislative district lines. After the 2010 census, it was clear the legislative district maps were no longer equal. We are asking the court to do this since the Legislature has failed to act.”[16]
The group of citizens also asked a federal judge in July 2011 to throw out the new maps approved by the legislature, alleging they violated both the state and U.S. constitutions, as well as the federal Voting Rights Act, by dividing cities and minority communities.[17] The new maps, they argued, disenfranchised a large number of voters by depriving them of the right to vote for a state senator in November 2012. Senators in Wisconsin serve four-year staggered terms. Under the normal process, voters electing a senator in 2008 would vote again in 2012, but 300,000 of those voters had been shifted to new districts, meaning they wouldn't vote until 2014.[18]
On July 27, the federal court in Milwaukee addressed the first suit, saying it would not take over the process and draw the maps, citing no special circumstances that would necessitate such a move.[19]
On September 26, Chief Judge for the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals Frank Easterbrook issued an order that created a federal three-judge panel to hear the case. It was made up of Joseph Stadtmueller from the Eastern District of Wisconsin, Diane Wood from the 7th Circuit Court of Appeals and Robert Dow from the Northern District of Illinois.[20]
On October 21, the three-judge panel ruled the suit could continue, noting the 300,000 voters in question. "That number vastly exceeds the 173,976 voters that were disenfranchised under the 1983 redistricting law, which persuaded the three-judge panel to find a constitutional violation. If the plaintiffs are correct that the redistricting law disenfranchises 300,000 voters, then their claim for relief appears much more than speculative at this stage of the proceedings," the decision stated.[18]
November 2011: Congressional delegation tries to join suit
In mid-November 2011, the state's five Republican U.S. House members filed paperwork to intervene in the case to protect their interest. The three Democratic members of Congress also filed to join the suit. The group that originally brought the lawsuit argued against allowing congressional members of either party from joining, saying it would open the floodgates to a myriad of parties wishing to protect their own interests. Attorney General J.B. Van Hollen (R), who represented the state in the suit, said he did not oppose allowing the Republican members of Congress to intervene and would most likely not oppose allowing Democrats as well.[21]
December 2011: Republican depositions
The three-judge panel ruled on December 8, 2011, that a consultant and a Senate aide who helped draft the maps had to give depositions and turn over documents to Democrats in the case.[22] The panel issued a similar ruling on December 20 and, on January 3, 2012, clarified the decision, saying that nearly all information must be released by Republicans, who had argued for secrecy under attorney-client privilege.[23]
The panel said that Republican legislators filed frivolous motions in an attempt to keep information private and ordered them to pay the attorney's fees for the plaintiffs in the motion. The ruling said, "Quite frankly, the Legislature and the actions of its counsel give every appearance of flailing wildly in a desperate attempt to hide from both the court and the public the true nature of exactly what transpired in the redistricting process . . . [the court] will not suffer the sort of disinformation, foot-dragging, and obfuscation now being engaged in by Wisconsin's elected officials and/or their attorneys."[24]
February 2012: Documents ordered released
In early February 2012, Republicans released documents that showed nearly all Republican legislators signed legal agreements to not discuss the maps while they were in progress. Also included was a memo of talking points that said, "Public comments on this map may be different than what you hear in this room. Ignore the public comments."[25]
The secrecy agreements all had the signature of attorney Eric McLeod of Michael Best & Friedrich, who was one of the attorneys that advised legislators during the map-making process. In a deposition, Adam Foltz, a legislative aide to Assembly Speaker Jeff Fitzgerald, said he probably helped write the talking points, but did not remember doing so. When asked about the stated suggestion to ignore public comments, Foltz said, "I honestly don't know exactly what it's referring to there."[25] While Fitzgerald had yet to comment on the matter, his brother, Senate Majority Leader Scott Fitzgerald, said of the talking points, "I've never seen that and no other member of my caucus has seen that. It wasn't put together for me."[26]
On February 9, 2012, 13 Democratic legislators sent Wisconsin Attorney General J.B. Van Hollen a letter that requested an investigation by the Department of Justice.[27]
On February 16, 2012, the three-judge panel agreed the disputed documents could not be kept secret and forced Republicans to release them. Most of the documents were between hired attorneys and legislative staffers working on the map.[28] They indicated that a large amount of the public testimony given in favor of the maps was choreographed by Republicans.[29]
January 2012: Errors found in maps
In a memo issued January 13, 2012, the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board said they were unable to strictly follow the law setting legislative boundaries and that some voters were not in the districts legislators intended them to be. An analysis of 19 counties by legislative technology workers found over 4,000 voters in the wrong municipality, with at least 1,000 that would probably have to be moved to a different Assembly district. The memo warned that the situation could have occurred in most or even all counties.
The problem stemmed from a reversal of the redistricting process. Normally, local officials draw their maps first, with legislative lines drawn afterward. During this cycle, Republicans, who were in the middle of recall elections that threatened their majority in the Senate, changed the law to allow them to draw legislative lines first. This meant they did so without fully accurate local information.[30]
On January 19, 2012, the state agreed to turn over documents regarding the errors and identify someone who could be deposed over the matter. Earlier in the week the state had submitted a court order that sought to allow them to withhold the documents. The group suing the state responded by asking the court to sanction the state for not providing the records.[31]
February 2012: Trial underway
The trial was scheduled to begin on February 21, 2012, but the three judge panel said redistricting was better left to lawmakers than the court. To that end they asked attorneys in the case to meet with legislators to ask them to consider altering the maps. Republicans said they would be willing to do so but that the law would not allow them. The court rejected this argument and asked them to reconsider a second time, but again they declined.
With their refusal, the court began the trial on February 23, 2012.[32] Plaintiffs dropped several allegations from the suit, including charges that Assembly districts in Black neighborhoods were inappropriately drawn and that the discriminatory effects of the maps were intentional. That left only two main issues for the court to decide - if the maps unconstitutionally diluted Latino voting power and if the 300,000 were moved needlessly, delaying their ability to vote in a Senate election.[33]
Presiding Judge J.P. Stadtmueller said a written decision would be issued in the following few weeks.[34]
March 2012: Two assembly districts ordered redrawn
The court issued their ruling on March 22, 2012, upholding congressional and state senate districts, but ordering two Milwaukee-area assembly districts to be redrawn. The panel stated the evidence “supports the need for a majority-minority district for Milwaukee’s Latino community, not just one or two influence districts.”[35] They sent the map back to the legislature, ordering them to redraw Districts 8 and 9 without affecting any of the other districts. In the meantime, the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board was barred from implementing the new map.
Although the judges upheld the great majority of districts drawn by Republicans, they criticized the process, saying it was "needlessly secret, regrettably excluding input from the overwhelming majority of Wisconsin citizens."[36]
On March 27, the court took the task of fixing the two districts away from the legislature, saying lawmakers weren't able to make even the changes necessary to bring the map into compliance.[37] In doing so, the court ordered the defendant and the plaintiffs in the case to try to reach agreement by April 2. If unable to do so, they were instructed to submit their own recommendations to the court by April 3.[38]
On the day both sides submitted their proposals, a spokeswoman for the state Department of Justice said the state would most likely appeal the case to the U.S. Supreme Court.[39]
The court accepted the plan put forth by Democrats on April 11, saying it did a better job than the Republican plan.[40]
April 2012: Appeal to Supreme Court
Wisconsin Attorney General J.B. Van Hollen (R) appealed the three-judge panel's decision regarding the two Assembly districts they ordered to be redrawn. The appeal went directly to the United States Supreme Court, who was required to take the case.[41]
Democrats called the move unnecessary and expensive. Assembly Minority Leader Peter Barca (D) stated, "Does their appetite for wasting taxpayer money on protecting their own political interests ever end? It must be the first time in history anyone has appealed their 'vindication' to the Supreme Court."[41]
In response to criticism, Van Hollen said, "While some view the adverse portion of the district court decision as being inconsequential, I disagree. Any time a federal court rejects a state redistricting statute, and decides to redraw or adjust a legislative district, it is a serious matter and appropriate for appellate review."[41]
Van Hollen dropped his appeal on June 18, agreeing to pay the plaintiffs over $185,000.[42]
October 2011: Voces de la Frontera lawsuit
The Latino community group Voces de la Frontera filed suit against the Wisconsin Government Accountability Board on October 31, 2011, claiming that the new legislative redistricting plan deprived Milwaukee's south side Latino community of a voting majority in the 8th Assembly district.[43]
The lawsuit said, “As a result of the redistricting plan, Latino citizens have less opportunity than other members of the electorate to participate in the political process and to elect candidates of their choice to the Legislature of Wisconsin.”[44]
The case was consolidated with the case brought earlier by a group of citizens.[25]
On November 18, 2011, a group of citizens asked a federal court to make sure that any recall elections taking place in 2012 occurred in the old districts where the legislators were elected from, rather than the newly drawn districts.[45] Three days later, a group of Republicans asked the Wisconsin Supreme Court to require any recall elections take place in the new districts.[46]
Republicans filed a second lawsuit in Waukesha County on November 29 and requested that a panel of three circuit court judges hear the case.[47] On December 2, Republicans asked to withdraw their first lawsuit, a move Democrats immediately tried to block, saying the court should keep the case and dismiss it at a later date. The request came after it was known that Justice David Prosser, absent with an illness, would not take part in the case.[48] That same day, Republicans amended their complaint, requesting a single Waukesha County judge hear the case, rather than the three-judge panel.[49]
Timeline
The following timeline was provided by the Wisconsin Legislature.[50][1].
| Wisconsin 2010 redistricting timeline | |
|---|---|
| Date | Action |
| December 21, 2010 | State informed of number of Congressional seats on the 2010 Census. |
| February 15, 2011 | Last municipal primary elections in drawn boundaries. |
| March 1, 2011 | Expected date to receive complete Census data from the U.S. Census Bureau. |
| April 1, 2011 | Final deadline to receive Census data. |
| April 5, 2011 | Last municipal general elections in previous boundaries. |
| August 2011 | Municipalities created voting wards. |
| Fall 2011 | Legislative redistricting database created. |
| January 2, 2012 | Deadline to have state legislative redistricting plan in place. |
| April 2012 | First municipal elections in newly created wards. |
| November 2012 | First general election in newly created legislative and congressional boundaries. |
History
The following modern redistricting history in Wisconsin as follows:
- 1951: The Wisconsin Legislature began drawing the lines for legislative districts.[51]
- 1951: The Wisconsin Legislative Council created a reapportionment commission consisting of 2 state Senators, 3 state Representatives, and 3 citizens for the purpose of legislative redistricting.[51]
- 1951: The Supreme Court upheld the legislative redistricting plan drawn by the reapportionment commission.[51]
- 1961: A Republican-controlled Legislature and Democratic Governor Gaylord Nelson failed to enact a redistricting plan.[51]
- 1963: On a second attempt, the Republican-controlled Legislature and Democratic Governor John Reynolds failed to enact a redistricting plan.[51]
- 1964: The Wisconsin Supreme Court created a redistricting plan that drew the lines for the rest of the 1960s.
- 1971: A Republican Legislature and Democratic Governor Patrick Lucey failed to adopt a redistricting plan.
- 1971-1972: A 12-person reapportionment commission was formed in an attempt to enact a redistricting plan and failed to reach an agreement.[51] The commission consisted of lawmakers and citizens that were appointed by the Governor.
- 1972: Members of the legislature approved a redistricting plan in special session under the threat of state and federal lawsuits.[51] Members of the legislature enacted the plan for the 1970 Census against a deadline set by the Wisconsin Supreme Court.[51]
- 1981: Members of the legislature approved a Congressional redistricting plan for the 1980 Census. The plan was approved on the second attempt after Governor Lee Dreyfus vetoed the first plan.[51]
- 1982: A three judge panel of the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals created a legislative redistricting plan that governed only the 1982 legislative elections. The court created the plan after Republican Governor Lee Dreyfus and a Democratic controlled Legislature fail to approve a legislative redistricting plan in 1981.[51]
- 1991: Members of the legislature approved a congressional redistricting plan.[51]
- 1991: Governor Tommy Thompson vetoed a legislative redistricting plan for the 1990 Census.[51] At the time the lines were drawn, Democrats controlled both houses of the legislature and there was a Republican governor.[51]
- 1992: The Western District of Wisconsin federal court created a plan for legislative redistricting for the 1990 Census.[51]
- 2001: The legislature reached an agreement on Congressional redistricting plan for the 2000 Census.[51] This was the first redistricting plan for Wisconsin at its allotment of 8 congressional districts.
- July 2002: The Western District of Wisconsin federal court created a legislative redistricting plan for the 2000 Census after a split-controlled legislature fails to approve a plan.[51]
2001 redistricting
Deviation from Ideal Districts
| 2000 Population deviation[52] | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Office | Percentage | ||||||
| Congressional Districts | 0.00% | ||||||
| State House Districts | 1.60% | ||||||
| State Senate Districts | 0.98% | ||||||
| Under federal law, districts may vary from an Ideal District by up to 10%, though the lowest number achievable is preferred. Ideal Districts are computed through simple division of the number of seats for any office into the population at the time of the Census. | |||||||
There were three lawsuits related to the Wisconsin 2000 census redistricting process.[53]
- Arrington v. Elections Board, No. 01-C-121 (E.D. Wis. Nov. 28, 2001) : The complaint alleged that population shifts had rendered Wisconsin’s congressional districts no longer “as equal in population as practicable,” and that the Legislature would fail to redraw the districts to meet constitutional requirements. It requested appointment of a three-judge panel, an injunction against further use of the previous districts, and that the court draw a plan if the legislature failed to do so. On November 28, 2001, the three-judge panel found that plaintiffs had standing to bring the suit and that it could not be dismissed. However, the court stayed its proceedings until February 1, 2002, in order to give the legislature an opportunity to draw new maps first. On March 26, 2002, the governor signed AB711, creating new congressional districts.
- Jensen v. Elections Board, No. 02-0057-OA, 2002 WI 13 (Wis. Feb. 12, 2002) : The Wisconsin Supreme Court denied a petition for leave to file an original action in the Supreme Court to declare the existing legislative and congressional districts invalid and draw new districts in the event of a legislative impasse, on the ground that the petition was submitted too late in the process.
- Baumgart v. Wendelberger, No. 01-C-121 (E.D. Wis. May 30, 2002) : On May 22, 2002, the three-judge federal court issued its order adopting new legislative districts. The court rejected all 16 plans submitted by the parties and amici and drew one of its own, beginning with the 1992 court-drawn plan and making modifications necessary to achieve population equality. The court allowed the parties five days to review and comment on a draft plan before issuing the final plan. On May 30, 2002, the court issued an amended memorandum and order as its final plan. On July 11, the court issued an order making technical corrections to the plan.
Ballot measures
The following ballot measures have appeared on the ballot in relation to redistricting.
Wisconsin Question 1, Method of Reapportionment (1953)[54]
See also
- State Legislative and Congressional Redistricting after the 2010 Census
- State-by-state redistricting procedures
External links
Footnotes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wisconsin Legislature, "Wisconsin Redistricting Profile"
- ↑ Northland's News Center, "Minnesota and Wisconsin Both to Keep Eight Seats in House," December 21, 2010
- ↑ PR Newswire, "Census Bureau Ships Local 2010 Census Data to Wisconsin," March 9, 2011
- ↑ U.S. Census Bureau, "Wisconsin Custom tables 2010," accessed March 10, 2011
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 WDIO, "Wis. Senate Passes Redistricting Bill," July 19, 2011
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 GazetteXtra, "Wisconsin Senate panel passes GOP redistricting plan," July 15, 2011
- ↑ La Crosse Tribune, "Assembly passes maps redrawing political lines," July 20, 2011
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Walker signs legislation to redraw district boundaries," August 9, 2011
- ↑ Daily Reporter, "Wisconsin GOP Senate leader won't say when redistricting maps may be ready," June 7, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Walker allows new legislative mapping, doesn't OK actual maps yet," July 25, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "GOP redistricting maps make dramatic changes," July 8, 2011
- ↑ Times Union, "Democratic leader calls on Walker to reject maps," July 11, 2011
- ↑ WHBL, "Marquette law professor, GOP redistricting maps would pass legal challenge," July 13, 2011
- ↑ La Crosse Tribune, "Assembly passes maps redrawing political lines," July 20, 2011
- ↑ WHBL, "Governor signs redistricting maps," August 9, 2011
- ↑ Beloit Daily News, "Robson joins suit seeking fair remap," June 28, 2011
- ↑ WSAU, "Lawsuit asks judge to throw out redistricting maps," July 22, 2011
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Court panel keeps alive challenge to state redistricting," October 21, 2011
- ↑ WTAQ, "Judges rule against extraordinary request on approved redistricting maps," July 29, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Three-judge panel to hear redistricting case," September 26, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "State's redistricting fight widens," November 18, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Judicial panel deals setback to GOP in redistricting case," December 8, 2011
- ↑ WTAQ, "Judge orders redistricting consultant to answer questions over new state voting boundaries," January 4, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Judges again rule for Democratic group in redistricting case," January 3, 2012
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Lawmakers were made to pledge secrecy over redistricting," February 6, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Fitzgerald: Senate Republicans didn't use redistricting talking points," February 7, 2012
- ↑ The Republic, "Democrat to seek Justice Department probe into Wisconsin redistricting," February 9, 2012
- ↑ Twin Cities, "Federal court blasts Wisconsin Republicans over redistricting," February 16, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Federal judges slam GOP lawmakers over redistricting secrecy," February 16, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Redistricting problem means thousands are listed in wrong district," January 13, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "State to give documents to group that sued over redistricting map," January 20, 2012
- ↑ Mansfield News Journal, "Wis. trial over new voter maps to begin Thursday," February 22, 2012
- ↑ WISN, "Two Issues Remain In Redistricting Lawsuit," February 24, 2012 (dead link)
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Wisconsin's redistricting trial goes to judges," February 24, 2012
- ↑ BusinessWeek, "Wisconsin’s Congressional Redistricting Is Upheld by Judges," March 22, 2012
- ↑ Wisconsin State Journal, "Court strikes down GOP redistricting, orders just 2 districts redrawn," March 22, 2012
- ↑ Wisconsin State Journal, "Federal court orders parties in redistricting case to settle on boundaries," March 27, 2012
- ↑ Todays TMJ4, "Judges: Collaboration needed on Wisconsin voting map redistricting," March 27, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "State likely to appeal redistricting ruling to Supreme Court," April 3, 2012
- ↑ The Republic, "Federal court accepts Democrats' revisions to Wis. election maps, ending long-running dispute," April 11, 2012
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Van Hollen appeals redistricting ruling to U.S. Supreme Court," April 19, 2012
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Van Hollen drops appeal in redistricting case," June 18, 2012
- ↑ Washington Examiner, "Latino group sues Wis. GAB over redistricting plan," November 1, 2011
- ↑ Badger Herald, "State faces redistricting bill suit," November 1, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Group asks court to ensure recall elections are held in old Senate districts," November 21, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Republicans sue to place recalls in new districts," November 21, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Republicans file second suit seeking new districts for recalls," November 30, 2011
- ↑ Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, "Republicans withdraw redistricting lawsuit with state Supreme Court," December 2, 2011
- ↑ Courthouse News Service, "Dueling Claims over Wisconsin Redistricting," December 5, 2011
- ↑ Wisconsin Legislature, "Wisconsin Legislature Redistricting Timetable"
- ↑ 51.00 51.01 51.02 51.03 51.04 51.05 51.06 51.07 51.08 51.09 51.10 51.11 51.12 51.13 51.14 51.15 Wisconsin Legislature, "Wisconsin Redistricting History"
- ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, “Redistricting 2000 Population Deviation Table”," accessed February 1, 2011
- ↑ Minnesota State Senate, "2000 Redistricting Case Summaries"
- ↑ UW-Madison Library Digital Collections, "1954 Wisconsin Blue Book"(See Page 779)
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