Liam J . Leonard
Dr. Liam Leonard; BA, MPhil, PhD.
Current: University of Winchester, UK
Former: Dept. Criminology & CJ, Northern Arizona University, US
Former: Dept. Sociology, California State University Los Angeles, US
Former: University of Galway, Ireland,
Former: IT Sligo
Editor: Advances in Criminology Book Series, IGI Global
See Dr. Leonard's Author Page on Amazon:
http://www.amazon.com/Liam-Leonard/e/B001JS8W0M/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1279025146&sr=1-2-ent
______________________________________________
Dr. Liam Leonard is a lecturer in politics, sociology, criminology and environmental justice, in addition to being an author, journalist and political activist. Dr. Leonard has published articles in academic journals and the news media in Ireland, the UK, US, Netherlands and Germany.
His main research interests include criminology and human rights, social and environmental movements, access and social inclusion, community development and local politics. Dr. Leonard is the Senior Editor of the Advances in Ecopolitics Book Series with Emerald Publishing (Site): http://info.emeraldinsight.com/products/books/series.htm?id=2041-806X and Founder and Senior Editor of the Journal of Social Criminology www.socialcriminology.webs.com . He is author of numerous academic articles, and books, including; Politics Inflamed (Greenhouse Press/Choice 2005), Green Nation (Greenhouse Press/Choice 2006), the Environmental Movement in Ireland (Springer 2008) and The Transition to Sustainability (ed with John Barry, Emerald 2009), and Sustainable Politics and the Peripheries: Ireland & Greece 2011.
Conferred with a PhD degree at NUI Galway in 2005, Dr. Leonard is the Founder and Senior Editor of the Ecopolitics Online Journal (with John Barry of QUB) http://www.ecopoliticsonline.webs.com
He is also editor of Greenhouse Press, the Galway based social and environmental outlet for academic peer reviewed publications.
Liam Leonard's CV:
http://socialcriminology.webs.com/CV%20LL%20Aug%202010.pdf
See Dr. Leonard's Author Page on Amazon:
http://www.amazon.com/Liam-Leonard/e/B001JS8W0M/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1279025146&sr=1-2-ent
Senior Editor: The Journal of Social Criminology
http://www.socialcriminology.webs.com
Senior Editor: Advances in Ecopolitics {Emerald Publishing Book Series}
http://info.emeraldinsight.com/products/books/series.htm?id=2041-806X
Blog: http://www.liamleonard.blogspot.com
Academia.edu: http://itsligo.academia.edu/LiamLeonard
SUCPS: http://www.sucps.salford.ac.uk/page/liam_leonard
Read Dr. Leonard in 'Inspiring Cities':
http://www.inspiringcities.org/index.php?id=1&page_type=Article&id_article=19281 \www.crim-soc.webs.com
Address: Winchester, UK.
Current: University of Winchester, UK
Former: Dept. Criminology & CJ, Northern Arizona University, US
Former: Dept. Sociology, California State University Los Angeles, US
Former: University of Galway, Ireland,
Former: IT Sligo
Editor: Advances in Criminology Book Series, IGI Global
See Dr. Leonard's Author Page on Amazon:
http://www.amazon.com/Liam-Leonard/e/B001JS8W0M/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1279025146&sr=1-2-ent
______________________________________________
Dr. Liam Leonard is a lecturer in politics, sociology, criminology and environmental justice, in addition to being an author, journalist and political activist. Dr. Leonard has published articles in academic journals and the news media in Ireland, the UK, US, Netherlands and Germany.
His main research interests include criminology and human rights, social and environmental movements, access and social inclusion, community development and local politics. Dr. Leonard is the Senior Editor of the Advances in Ecopolitics Book Series with Emerald Publishing (Site): http://info.emeraldinsight.com/products/books/series.htm?id=2041-806X and Founder and Senior Editor of the Journal of Social Criminology www.socialcriminology.webs.com . He is author of numerous academic articles, and books, including; Politics Inflamed (Greenhouse Press/Choice 2005), Green Nation (Greenhouse Press/Choice 2006), the Environmental Movement in Ireland (Springer 2008) and The Transition to Sustainability (ed with John Barry, Emerald 2009), and Sustainable Politics and the Peripheries: Ireland & Greece 2011.
Conferred with a PhD degree at NUI Galway in 2005, Dr. Leonard is the Founder and Senior Editor of the Ecopolitics Online Journal (with John Barry of QUB) http://www.ecopoliticsonline.webs.com
He is also editor of Greenhouse Press, the Galway based social and environmental outlet for academic peer reviewed publications.
Liam Leonard's CV:
http://socialcriminology.webs.com/CV%20LL%20Aug%202010.pdf
See Dr. Leonard's Author Page on Amazon:
http://www.amazon.com/Liam-Leonard/e/B001JS8W0M/ref=sr_tc_2_0?qid=1279025146&sr=1-2-ent
Senior Editor: The Journal of Social Criminology
http://www.socialcriminology.webs.com
Senior Editor: Advances in Ecopolitics {Emerald Publishing Book Series}
http://info.emeraldinsight.com/products/books/series.htm?id=2041-806X
Blog: http://www.liamleonard.blogspot.com
Academia.edu: http://itsligo.academia.edu/LiamLeonard
SUCPS: http://www.sucps.salford.ac.uk/page/liam_leonard
Read Dr. Leonard in 'Inspiring Cities':
http://www.inspiringcities.org/index.php?id=1&page_type=Article&id_article=19281 \www.crim-soc.webs.com
Address: Winchester, UK.
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Books by Liam J . Leonard
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited (April 8, 2010)
ISBN-10: 1849507481
ISBN-13: 978-1849507486
Authors: Liam Leonard & John Barry (Eds)
Series Editor: Liam Leonard
This edition of the Advances in Ecopolitics Series with Emerald Publishing examines the range of environmental campaigns that are in occurring across the planet. As world leaders attempt to tackle climate change, this edition presents a collection of case studies on global grassroots initiatives and activism in diverse areas such as green economic alternatives in Anne Pettifor’s study on ‘The Green New Deal: Restoring Balance and Stability to the Global Financial and Ecosystem’ or John Barry’s chapter ‘Towards a Model of Green Political Economy: From Economic Growth and Ecological Modernisation to Economic Security or regional activism in defense of communities as presented in Victor Ojakorotu’s study on ‘the Dilemma of Justice: Foreign Oil Multinationals and Human Rights Violation in the Niger Delta of Nigeria’.
Advances in Ecopolitics 5 goes on to explore alternative or utopian communities in Peter North’s ‘Alternative Currencies as Localised Utopian Practice’ and Jon Anderson’s ‘Elusive Escapes: Everyday Life and Ecotopias’. Michael O'Kane’s study ‘Green Politics and Anthropology’ examines the theoretical understandings of green politics from the perspective of his discipline while James Hanrahan’s chapter investigates the current understandings and potential outcomes of ‘Ecotourism and Sustainability in the Tourism Sector’. Honor Fagan’s chapter ends this exploration of Global Ecopolitics with an analysis of The ‘Politics of Waste, Consumption and Sustainability in the Republic of Ireland’.
This extensive array of ecological participation demonstrates that viable green alternatives are available in this current era of legitimation crisis across the formal political and economic sectors. Advances in Ecopolitics 5: Global Ecological Politics presents an important collection of articles for researchers, lecturers and academics in the socio-economic and political sector.
Hardcover: 240 pages
Publisher: Routledge; 1 edition (February 15, 2010)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0415458692
ISBN-13: 978-0415458696
This book was previously published as a special issue of Environmental Politics
Liam Leonard PhD, Senior Editor: Emerald Advances in Ecopolitics Series
This edition of the Advances in Ecopolitics Series with Emerald Publishing examines the range of environmental campaigns that are in occurring across the planet. As world leaders attempt to tackle climate change, this edition presents a collection of case studies on global grassroots initiatives and activism in diverse areas such as green economic alternatives in Anne Pettifor’s study on ‘The Green New Deal: Restoring Balance and Stability to the Global Financial and Ecosystem’ or John Barry’s chapter ‘Towards a Model of Green Political Economy: From Economic Growth and Ecological Modernisation to Economic Security or regional activism in defense of communities as presented in Victor Ojakorotu’s study on ‘the Dilemma of Justice: Foreign Oil Multinationals and Human Rights Violation in the Niger Delta of Nigeria’.
Advances in Ecopolitics 5 goes on to explore alternative or utopian communities in Peter North’s ‘Alternative Currencies as Localised Utopian Practice’ and Jon Anderson’s ‘Elusive Escapes: Everyday Life and Ecotopias’. Michael O'Kane’s study ‘Green Politics and Anthropology’ examines the theoretical understandings of green politics from the perspective of his discipline while James Hanrahan’s chapter investigates the current understandings and potential outcomes of ‘Ecotourism and Sustainability in the Tourism Sector’. Honor Fagan’s chapter ends this exploration of Global Ecopolitics with an analysis of The ‘Politics of Waste, Consumption and Sustainability in the Republic of Ireland’.
This extensive array of ecological participation demonstrates that viable green alternatives are available in this current era of legitimation crisis across the formal political and economic sectors. Advances in Ecopolitics 5: Global Ecological Politics presents an important collection of articles for researchers, lecturers and academics in the socio-economic and political sector. As editor of this series, I would like to acknowledge the team at Emerald Publishing, including Claire Ferres, Chris Hart and Emma Smith for their support for this project.
I would also like to thank those involved with the international Editorial Board of the Ecopolitics Series, including my co-editor John Barry, in addition to Board members Peter Doran, Maruis De Geus, Honor Fagan, Carmen Kuhling, Hilary Tovey, Maria-Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez, Ariel Salleh and Paula Kenny amongst many for their contributions to date. I look forward to further editions of the Advances in Ecopolitics Series, and will endeavour to continue to bring further significant works on the crucial topics surrounding ecological politics in the future.
Liam Leonard, November 2009
Leonard, Liam
2008, XVI, 236 p., Hardcover
ISBN: 978-1-4020-6811-9
119,95 €
About this book
Collective responses to Ireland’s dramatic transformation from a primarily agrarian and rural society to an industrialised economy obsessed by rapid growth and development occurred in two phases:
Phase One took place between the "No Nukes" protests of the late 1970’s when campaigns targeted multinational plants or infrastructural projects perceived as a pollution threat during years of economic stagnation.
Phase Two occurred after economic buoyancy was achieved, as the demands of rapid growth threatened communities, the environment and Irish heritage in the face of major infrastructural projects such as roads, incinerators and gas pipelines.
Starting with the Woodquay protests in Dublin, the "No Nukes" protests at Carnsore Point, the "Shell to Sea" campaign in Mayo and the campaign to save Tara from destruction, these significant ecological campaigns, based on the community’s localised sense of place or rural sentiment, have formed the response to these challenges which are analysed here using social movement theories such as resource mobilisation, political opportunity, framing and event analysis.
Written for:
Graduate students and researchers interested in environment, sociology, political science and Irish heritage
Keywords:
Ireland
Irish heritage
environmental theory
rural sentiment
social movements
Table of contents
Foreword.- Preface.- Acknowledgements.- Acronyms.- Politics: The Environmentalism Debate.- Irish Environmental Activism: From Woodquay to the ‘Celtic Tiger’.- The Environmental Protection Agency and the Irish Green Party.- Communities: Rural Sentiment and the Irish Environmental Movement.- Rural Sentiment as Ecological Capital.- Understanding Collective Action.- Campaigns – Phase One: No Nukes: Carnsore Point.- The Anti-Toxics: Movement.- Mining: Tynagh and Donegal.- Campaigns – Phase Two: Conservation: Mullaghmore.- Anti-Incineration: Galway, Meath and Cork.- Resources: The Rossport 5 (Shell to Sea).- Roads: Glen of the Downs, Carrickmines and Tara.- Conclusion: Mapping the Consequences of Environmental Activism.- Bibliography.- Index.
Ireland’s recent social history has been characterised by a series of environmentally based community challenges to multinational plants or infrastructural projects. These community responses are formulated from a populist rural sentiment or localised sense of place, that has been mobilised over the decades in which Ireland has undergone a dramatic transformation from a primarily agrarian and rural society to that of an industrialised economy obsessed by rapid growth and development.
Green Nation: The Irish Environmental Movement from Carnsore Point to the Rossport Five, by Liam Leonard (2006) Galway: Greenhouse Press
Green Nation examines a number of the community-based campaigns that have come to make up a grassroots environmental movement in a changing Ireland. Starting with the “No Nukes” protests at Carnsore in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Green Nation traces the emergence a nascent ecopopulist movement that has witnessed a number of campaigns including anti-mining protests at Tynagh, Donegal and Croagh Patrick, anti-toxics activism in Cork, the heritage dispute at Mullaghmore, the campaigns against incineration in Galway, Meath and Cork, the anti-roads protests at the Glen of the Downs, Carrickmines and Tara/Skryne and the ongoing campaign of “Shell to Sea” in Mayo which gave rise to the incredible story of the “Rossport 5”, who were imprisoned for seeking justice for their community in North Mayo. Green Nation examines the mobilisation and framing processes undertaken in these disputes, locating them in the context of a wider rural identity that has shaped grassroots environmentalism in the Irish case.
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited (April 8, 2010)
ISBN-10: 1849507481
ISBN-13: 978-1849507486
Authors: Liam Leonard & John Barry (Eds)
Series Editor: Liam Leonard
This edition of the Advances in Ecopolitics Series with Emerald Publishing examines the range of environmental campaigns that are in occurring across the planet. As world leaders attempt to tackle climate change, this edition presents a collection of case studies on global grassroots initiatives and activism in diverse areas such as green economic alternatives in Anne Pettifor’s study on ‘The Green New Deal: Restoring Balance and Stability to the Global Financial and Ecosystem’ or John Barry’s chapter ‘Towards a Model of Green Political Economy: From Economic Growth and Ecological Modernisation to Economic Security or regional activism in defense of communities as presented in Victor Ojakorotu’s study on ‘the Dilemma of Justice: Foreign Oil Multinationals and Human Rights Violation in the Niger Delta of Nigeria’.
Advances in Ecopolitics 5 goes on to explore alternative or utopian communities in Peter North’s ‘Alternative Currencies as Localised Utopian Practice’ and Jon Anderson’s ‘Elusive Escapes: Everyday Life and Ecotopias’. Michael O'Kane’s study ‘Green Politics and Anthropology’ examines the theoretical understandings of green politics from the perspective of his discipline while James Hanrahan’s chapter investigates the current understandings and potential outcomes of ‘Ecotourism and Sustainability in the Tourism Sector’. Honor Fagan’s chapter ends this exploration of Global Ecopolitics with an analysis of The ‘Politics of Waste, Consumption and Sustainability in the Republic of Ireland’.
This extensive array of ecological participation demonstrates that viable green alternatives are available in this current era of legitimation crisis across the formal political and economic sectors. Advances in Ecopolitics 5: Global Ecological Politics presents an important collection of articles for researchers, lecturers and academics in the socio-economic and political sector.
Hardcover: 240 pages
Publisher: Routledge; 1 edition (February 15, 2010)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 0415458692
ISBN-13: 978-0415458696
This book was previously published as a special issue of Environmental Politics
Liam Leonard PhD, Senior Editor: Emerald Advances in Ecopolitics Series
This edition of the Advances in Ecopolitics Series with Emerald Publishing examines the range of environmental campaigns that are in occurring across the planet. As world leaders attempt to tackle climate change, this edition presents a collection of case studies on global grassroots initiatives and activism in diverse areas such as green economic alternatives in Anne Pettifor’s study on ‘The Green New Deal: Restoring Balance and Stability to the Global Financial and Ecosystem’ or John Barry’s chapter ‘Towards a Model of Green Political Economy: From Economic Growth and Ecological Modernisation to Economic Security or regional activism in defense of communities as presented in Victor Ojakorotu’s study on ‘the Dilemma of Justice: Foreign Oil Multinationals and Human Rights Violation in the Niger Delta of Nigeria’.
Advances in Ecopolitics 5 goes on to explore alternative or utopian communities in Peter North’s ‘Alternative Currencies as Localised Utopian Practice’ and Jon Anderson’s ‘Elusive Escapes: Everyday Life and Ecotopias’. Michael O'Kane’s study ‘Green Politics and Anthropology’ examines the theoretical understandings of green politics from the perspective of his discipline while James Hanrahan’s chapter investigates the current understandings and potential outcomes of ‘Ecotourism and Sustainability in the Tourism Sector’. Honor Fagan’s chapter ends this exploration of Global Ecopolitics with an analysis of The ‘Politics of Waste, Consumption and Sustainability in the Republic of Ireland’.
This extensive array of ecological participation demonstrates that viable green alternatives are available in this current era of legitimation crisis across the formal political and economic sectors. Advances in Ecopolitics 5: Global Ecological Politics presents an important collection of articles for researchers, lecturers and academics in the socio-economic and political sector. As editor of this series, I would like to acknowledge the team at Emerald Publishing, including Claire Ferres, Chris Hart and Emma Smith for their support for this project.
I would also like to thank those involved with the international Editorial Board of the Ecopolitics Series, including my co-editor John Barry, in addition to Board members Peter Doran, Maruis De Geus, Honor Fagan, Carmen Kuhling, Hilary Tovey, Maria-Alejandra Gonzalez-Perez, Ariel Salleh and Paula Kenny amongst many for their contributions to date. I look forward to further editions of the Advances in Ecopolitics Series, and will endeavour to continue to bring further significant works on the crucial topics surrounding ecological politics in the future.
Liam Leonard, November 2009
Leonard, Liam
2008, XVI, 236 p., Hardcover
ISBN: 978-1-4020-6811-9
119,95 €
About this book
Collective responses to Ireland’s dramatic transformation from a primarily agrarian and rural society to an industrialised economy obsessed by rapid growth and development occurred in two phases:
Phase One took place between the "No Nukes" protests of the late 1970’s when campaigns targeted multinational plants or infrastructural projects perceived as a pollution threat during years of economic stagnation.
Phase Two occurred after economic buoyancy was achieved, as the demands of rapid growth threatened communities, the environment and Irish heritage in the face of major infrastructural projects such as roads, incinerators and gas pipelines.
Starting with the Woodquay protests in Dublin, the "No Nukes" protests at Carnsore Point, the "Shell to Sea" campaign in Mayo and the campaign to save Tara from destruction, these significant ecological campaigns, based on the community’s localised sense of place or rural sentiment, have formed the response to these challenges which are analysed here using social movement theories such as resource mobilisation, political opportunity, framing and event analysis.
Written for:
Graduate students and researchers interested in environment, sociology, political science and Irish heritage
Keywords:
Ireland
Irish heritage
environmental theory
rural sentiment
social movements
Table of contents
Foreword.- Preface.- Acknowledgements.- Acronyms.- Politics: The Environmentalism Debate.- Irish Environmental Activism: From Woodquay to the ‘Celtic Tiger’.- The Environmental Protection Agency and the Irish Green Party.- Communities: Rural Sentiment and the Irish Environmental Movement.- Rural Sentiment as Ecological Capital.- Understanding Collective Action.- Campaigns – Phase One: No Nukes: Carnsore Point.- The Anti-Toxics: Movement.- Mining: Tynagh and Donegal.- Campaigns – Phase Two: Conservation: Mullaghmore.- Anti-Incineration: Galway, Meath and Cork.- Resources: The Rossport 5 (Shell to Sea).- Roads: Glen of the Downs, Carrickmines and Tara.- Conclusion: Mapping the Consequences of Environmental Activism.- Bibliography.- Index.
Ireland’s recent social history has been characterised by a series of environmentally based community challenges to multinational plants or infrastructural projects. These community responses are formulated from a populist rural sentiment or localised sense of place, that has been mobilised over the decades in which Ireland has undergone a dramatic transformation from a primarily agrarian and rural society to that of an industrialised economy obsessed by rapid growth and development.
Green Nation: The Irish Environmental Movement from Carnsore Point to the Rossport Five, by Liam Leonard (2006) Galway: Greenhouse Press
Green Nation examines a number of the community-based campaigns that have come to make up a grassroots environmental movement in a changing Ireland. Starting with the “No Nukes” protests at Carnsore in the late 1970s and early 1980s, Green Nation traces the emergence a nascent ecopopulist movement that has witnessed a number of campaigns including anti-mining protests at Tynagh, Donegal and Croagh Patrick, anti-toxics activism in Cork, the heritage dispute at Mullaghmore, the campaigns against incineration in Galway, Meath and Cork, the anti-roads protests at the Glen of the Downs, Carrickmines and Tara/Skryne and the ongoing campaign of “Shell to Sea” in Mayo which gave rise to the incredible story of the “Rossport 5”, who were imprisoned for seeking justice for their community in North Mayo. Green Nation examines the mobilisation and framing processes undertaken in these disputes, locating them in the context of a wider rural identity that has shaped grassroots environmentalism in the Irish case.
Design/methodology/approach – This chapter is based on an extensive literature review.
Findings – This chapter summarises diverse critical approaches to globalisation from a multi-disciplinary perspective. It presents theories explaining the negative consequences of globalisation on working opportunities, conditions and relations, and the negative consequences of globalisation at the economic, cultural, social and political level (particularly the perceived decline in state influence).
Practical implications – This chapter provides an overview on the debates on globalisation. This chapter could contribute discussions at the classroom level, and different managerial learning circles.
Originality/value of chapter – This chapter contributes teaching material for international business, trade and development, and corporate social responsibility
This specific edited volume comprises ten chapters, and incorporates academic works from 21 researchers representing institutions from Australia, Canada, Colombia, England, Ireland, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Romania, and the United States.
Design/methodology/approach – This chapter is based on a literature review and analysis of three aspects in corporate life: cause marketing, white-collar crime and environmental crime.
Findings – This chapter provides a basis for perceiving corporate responsibility in three areas – marketing, fraud and pollution – all of which have become part of the contemporary corporate and social milieu.
Practical implications – This chapter provides an outline of key elements in corporate engagement with cause marketing, white-collar crime and environmental crime, allowing for an extensive overview of the frameworks surrounding corporate behaviour.
Originality/value of chapter – This chapter provides a multi-layered analysis of CSR issues from both positive and negative perspectives to provide a better understanding of the extent of the impact of corporate behaviour.
Generally, there is a direct relationship between the creation of new markets and the enlargement of some of the existing markets via the gaining of stability within the social conditions, by mitigating the unpredictable aspects and thereby reducing the investment risk whilst also improving the economic conditions.
This particular volume contains eight chapters, and includes contributions from 13 academics representing academic institutions from Australia, Austria, Bulgaria, Colombia, Finland, India, Turkey, and the United States.
The first two chapters in this volume provide contributions to understanding the impact of corporate social responsibility, and the role that the international civil society has played to provide transnational forms of regulations (via social responsibility networks). These social responsibility networks (SRNs) reflect how socially and environmentally conscious demands by international actors (mostly in consumer markets) are articulated at the transnational level affecting global value chains.
The chapter titled "Corporate Social Responsibility and International Business: a Conceptual overview" looks at the concepts of CSR and highlights its role in mitigating the negative aspects of globalisation both at the workplace and the institutional environment.
Within the chapter "Global Civil Society and International Business: A review", it is presented in good detail, how the recent wave of globalisation since the end of last century has intensified social exclusion, environmental problems and has exacerbated inequalities that urged to be redressed transnational, transparent, accountable and participative governance systems with an active recognised contribution by the most affected actors.
Within the third chapter, Dr. Windsor examines the role of MNEs as key global actors in combating commercial and government corruption through CSR mechanisms.
The fourth contribution in the volume is titled "Institutional Market forces: The dominant logic of strategic CR, and innovative value creation" and it was written by Mr. Frederick Ahen and Dr. Peter Zetting.
Dr. Emel Esen from the Yildiz Technical University in Turkey wrote the section titled "The influence of Corporate Social Responsibility activities on building corporate reputation".
The sixth chapter is focused on the creation and penetration of a global market place for green technologies (Greenscape), and it was written by Dr. Margee Hume, from the University of Southern Queensland in Australia, Mr. Craig Hume from Griffith University, and by Mr Paul Johnston and Dr Mark Argar from the Australian's firm South-South Capital Partners.
The seven section of this volumen was written by the proliferous Professor in International Business from Baruch College in City University in New York, Dr. Lilach Nachum; and Mr. Michael Schmid from the Technical University in Vienna (Austria). This chapter provides through a detailed case study an understanding of international activities of MNEs in the renewable energy sector.
Dr. A.N. Sarkar from the Asia-Pacific Institute of Management in India wrote the final chapter in this volume. It reviews the policy framework in India for evaluating the impacts of CSR programmes in the mining industry.