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Figure from:Terrestrial Invertebrates

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An interesting moth occurring in the region is Stathmopoda melanochra (Stathmopodidae), which deposits eggs amongst colonies of gum tree scales (e.g. Eriococcus coriaceus) where the larvae devour them. A number of geometrid moths are common including the red-lined geometrid (Crypsiophona ocultaria), angled satin moth (Thalaina angulosa) and hakea moth (Oenochroma vinaria). The gumleaf skeletonizer (Uraba lugens), often found on river red gum, is interesting in that the caterpillars have a characteristic “spike’ on top of their head, comprising old head capsules which are shed as they grow. One noctuid, the granny moth (Dasypodia selenophora), whose larvae feed on Acacia, is commonly seen in late spring resting during daylight hours under eaves or on ceilings. Ty..44...f9%... ... |... 44... Ee 2? at. Tt a? a, i, , : i i a, Sk |. The giant wood moth (Xyleutes liturata) (Cossidae), is the largest moth in South Australia with a wingspan of up to 200 mm in females and 130 mm in males. Its larvae bore into the woody tissue of eucalypts, particularly the river red gum. Several species of case moth (Psychidae) occur in the region, including the faggot case moth (Clania ignobilis) whose older larvae form distinctive larval cases surrounded by twigs of their eucalypt food-plant.

Figure 10 An interesting moth occurring in the region is Stathmopoda melanochra (Stathmopodidae), which deposits eggs amongst colonies of gum tree scales (e.g. Eriococcus coriaceus) where the larvae devour them. A number of geometrid moths are common including the red-lined geometrid (Crypsiophona ocultaria), angled satin moth (Thalaina angulosa) and hakea moth (Oenochroma vinaria). The gumleaf skeletonizer (Uraba lugens), often found on river red gum, is interesting in that the caterpillars have a characteristic “spike’ on top of their head, comprising old head capsules which are shed as they grow. One noctuid, the granny moth (Dasypodia selenophora), whose larvae feed on Acacia, is commonly seen in late spring resting during daylight hours under eaves or on ceilings. Ty..44...f9%... ... |... 44... Ee 2? at. Tt a? a, i, , : i i a, Sk |. The giant wood moth (Xyleutes liturata) (Cossidae), is the largest moth in South Australia with a wingspan of up to 200 mm in females and 130 mm in males. Its larvae bore into the woody tissue of eucalypts, particularly the river red gum. Several species of case moth (Psychidae) occur in the region, including the faggot case moth (Clania ignobilis) whose older larvae form distinctive larval cases surrounded by twigs of their eucalypt food-plant.

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Many species of nematodes and a few genera associated with native plants are endemic to Australia, and several species are known only from South Australia. The greatest diversity of species is usually found in areas with moist soils, such as gullies. Only one study of nematodes from soils in the Riverland and Murraylands has been carried out (at Ferries MacDonald Conservation Park at Monarto; Frances Reay, unpublished data). Considering the similarity in climate, soils and vegetation, it is probable that the nematode fauna of the region is similar to that of adjoining regions in Victoria and New South Wales, where some survey work has been done (Sauer, 1985). In broad scale farming, there are many records of economically important tylenchids such as cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) and root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus neglectus). Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) and the dorylaimid Xiphinema sp. are commonly found in horticultural soils. Sauertylenchus sp., Morulaimus whitei, and Paralongidorus eucalypti, all widespread in Australia (McLeod et al. 1994), have been recorded from Ferries MacDonald Conservation Park. Also recorded were various rhabditids and dorylaimids, including stubby root nematode (Paratrichodorus sp.), which has a long stylet and feeds from outside a root, while the tylenchid genera Radopholus (burrowing nematodes), Scutellonema (spiral nematodes), Hemicriconemoides, Criconemoides (ring nematodes), and Hemicycliophora (sheath nematodes) are also known from this locality (Waite Insect and Nematode Collection, The University of Adelaide).
Many species of nematodes and a few genera associated with native plants are endemic to Australia, and several species are known only from South Australia. The greatest diversity of species is usually found in areas with moist soils, such as gullies. Only one study of nematodes from soils in the Riverland and Murraylands has been carried out (at Ferries MacDonald Conservation Park at Monarto; Frances Reay, unpublished data). Considering the similarity in climate, soils and vegetation, it is probable that the nematode fauna of the region is similar to that of adjoining regions in Victoria and New South Wales, where some survey work has been done (Sauer, 1985). In broad scale farming, there are many records of economically important tylenchids such as cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae) and root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus neglectus). Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans) and the dorylaimid Xiphinema sp. are commonly found in horticultural soils. Sauertylenchus sp., Morulaimus whitei, and Paralongidorus eucalypti, all widespread in Australia (McLeod et al. 1994), have been recorded from Ferries MacDonald Conservation Park. Also recorded were various rhabditids and dorylaimids, including stubby root nematode (Paratrichodorus sp.), which has a long stylet and feeds from outside a root, while the tylenchid genera Radopholus (burrowing nematodes), Scutellonema (spiral nematodes), Hemicriconemoides, Criconemoides (ring nematodes), and Hemicycliophora (sheath nematodes) are also known from this locality (Waite Insect and Nematode Collection, The University of Adelaide).
Figures 2-3. 2 (left), Common white snail, Cernuella virgata, aestivating on an old headstone at Black Hill Old Cemetery SA (Photograph: Gary Taylor); 3 (right), conical snail, Cochicella sp. (Photograph: SARDI Entomology). NEE EEE ETF Introduced land snails are very common in the region and are often a severe problem. These include the common white snail or vineyard snail (Cernuella virgata — Fig. 2), white Italian snail (Theba pisana), conical/pointed snails (Cochicella acuta and C. barbara — Fig. 3), and small brown snail (Microxeromagna vestita). The garden snail (Helix aspersa) is also common in areas that are regularly irrigated (e.g. orchards and gardens). Cernuella virgata, T. pisana and Cochicella spp. can be seen aestivating in the drier months on trees, fence posts, buildings or vegetation (Fig. 2). Aestivation is a form of dormancy where the snails seal off their aperture (opening) with a membrane and remain inactive for long periods of time.
Figures 2-3. 2 (left), Common white snail, Cernuella virgata, aestivating on an old headstone at Black Hill Old Cemetery SA (Photograph: Gary Taylor); 3 (right), conical snail, Cochicella sp. (Photograph: SARDI Entomology). NEE EEE ETF Introduced land snails are very common in the region and are often a severe problem. These include the common white snail or vineyard snail (Cernuella virgata — Fig. 2), white Italian snail (Theba pisana), conical/pointed snails (Cochicella acuta and C. barbara — Fig. 3), and small brown snail (Microxeromagna vestita). The garden snail (Helix aspersa) is also common in areas that are regularly irrigated (e.g. orchards and gardens). Cernuella virgata, T. pisana and Cochicella spp. can be seen aestivating in the drier months on trees, fence posts, buildings or vegetation (Fig. 2). Aestivation is a form of dormancy where the snails seal off their aperture (opening) with a membrane and remain inactive for long periods of time.
Aname robusta (Nemesiidae) may have the honour of being the first spider described from the Riverland and Murraylands but its status is obscure. Although the type from Mannum is in the Australian Museum, no other specimens have been attributed to the species. A pale Aname species occurs in the mallee country west of Morgan and other similar species are known in the southern areas. Species of Kwonkan are known to occur throughout the region but burrows are hard to find as a collar of loose silk is pulled together during the day to cover the entrance. Other species of Nemesiidae may spin a thin sheet of silk over the burrow entrance but none have trapdoors. The black wishbone spider group is represented by one large species, Aname sp., and aggressive males may be encountered after rains inciting fear that they may be the infamous funnel-web spider. In the north- eastern sector the whistling or so called ‘bird-eating’ spider (Selenocosmia stirlingi) is locally common. Grasshoppers, other large insects, frogs, small lizards and the occasional mouse are likely to be a part of its diet as they are generally nocturnal (Kotzman 1990). Discantawcsli cseels «Peas lewws | «Feet 642ec Cl the lm esl eal Ber eee. Cc Aarti Ue
Aname robusta (Nemesiidae) may have the honour of being the first spider described from the Riverland and Murraylands but its status is obscure. Although the type from Mannum is in the Australian Museum, no other specimens have been attributed to the species. A pale Aname species occurs in the mallee country west of Morgan and other similar species are known in the southern areas. Species of Kwonkan are known to occur throughout the region but burrows are hard to find as a collar of loose silk is pulled together during the day to cover the entrance. Other species of Nemesiidae may spin a thin sheet of silk over the burrow entrance but none have trapdoors. The black wishbone spider group is represented by one large species, Aname sp., and aggressive males may be encountered after rains inciting fear that they may be the infamous funnel-web spider. In the north- eastern sector the whistling or so called ‘bird-eating’ spider (Selenocosmia stirlingi) is locally common. Grasshoppers, other large insects, frogs, small lizards and the occasional mouse are likely to be a part of its diet as they are generally nocturnal (Kotzman 1990). Discantawcsli cseels «Peas lewws | «Feet 642ec Cl the lm esl eal Ber eee. Cc Aarti Ue
Figure 5. White-tailed spider (Lampona cylindrata) (Photograph: Mark Harvey). both of which are rarely collected) (Platnick 2002), Prodidomidae with unusual long mid ventral spinnerets (Platnick & Baehr 2006), and Trochanteriidae, members of which are referred to as ‘flat rock spiders’ although the common species, Longrita millawa, can also be found under bark on tree trunks (Platnick 2002). Liocranidae is little known and one small species of Orthobula is recorded by an undescribed species. The notorious white-tailed spider (Lampona cylindrata) (Lamponidae) (Fig. 5), naturally occurs under bark or in sheltered rocky areas where it preys on other web building spiders such as the black house spider. There are a number of closely related but smaller relatives, Lampona gilles, L. braemar, Lamponina loftia, L. asperrima, Bigenditia millawa, Notosdipus dalby, Asadipus bucks and Prionosternum nitidiceps (Platnick 2000). The latter was described in 1909 from Western Australia and represents an element of the Riverland and Murraylands fauna that had a distribution once continuous across South Australia and into Western Australia. Aridification has now confined these once widespread species to the shrinking refuges that remain.
Figure 5. White-tailed spider (Lampona cylindrata) (Photograph: Mark Harvey). both of which are rarely collected) (Platnick 2002), Prodidomidae with unusual long mid ventral spinnerets (Platnick & Baehr 2006), and Trochanteriidae, members of which are referred to as ‘flat rock spiders’ although the common species, Longrita millawa, can also be found under bark on tree trunks (Platnick 2002). Liocranidae is little known and one small species of Orthobula is recorded by an undescribed species. The notorious white-tailed spider (Lampona cylindrata) (Lamponidae) (Fig. 5), naturally occurs under bark or in sheltered rocky areas where it preys on other web building spiders such as the black house spider. There are a number of closely related but smaller relatives, Lampona gilles, L. braemar, Lamponina loftia, L. asperrima, Bigenditia millawa, Notosdipus dalby, Asadipus bucks and Prionosternum nitidiceps (Platnick 2000). The latter was described in 1909 from Western Australia and represents an element of the Riverland and Murraylands fauna that had a distribution once continuous across South Australia and into Western Australia. Aridification has now confined these once widespread species to the shrinking refuges that remain.
The buthid fauna of the Murraylands comprises several species of Lychas and a single species of Isometroides, which are characterized by their slender pedipalps and generally mottled yellow- brown colour. Species of Jsometroides have a highly specialised diet, as they preferentially hunt burrow-dwelling spiders such as trap-door and wolf spiders. The Bothriuridae contains the single genus Cercophonius which tend to be best represented in forested ecosystems. Cercophonius kershawi occurs in the Murraylands in leaf litter of mallee trees. The Urodacidae with the sole genus Urodacus are restricted to mainland Australia (Koch 1977), and include the largest scorpions in the country. Urodacus manicatus lives in shallow depressions under rocks in south-eastern Australia, including the Murraylands. The desert-dwelling U. yaschenkoi has been recorded near Renmark, Berri and adjacent regions of Victoria and New South Wales, where it digs deep burrows in the soft soil of dunes (Locket 1990) (Fig. 6). Urodacus armatus digs shallower burrows on the dune base and inter- dune swales (Locket 1990).
The buthid fauna of the Murraylands comprises several species of Lychas and a single species of Isometroides, which are characterized by their slender pedipalps and generally mottled yellow- brown colour. Species of Jsometroides have a highly specialised diet, as they preferentially hunt burrow-dwelling spiders such as trap-door and wolf spiders. The Bothriuridae contains the single genus Cercophonius which tend to be best represented in forested ecosystems. Cercophonius kershawi occurs in the Murraylands in leaf litter of mallee trees. The Urodacidae with the sole genus Urodacus are restricted to mainland Australia (Koch 1977), and include the largest scorpions in the country. Urodacus manicatus lives in shallow depressions under rocks in south-eastern Australia, including the Murraylands. The desert-dwelling U. yaschenkoi has been recorded near Renmark, Berri and adjacent regions of Victoria and New South Wales, where it digs deep burrows in the soft soil of dunes (Locket 1990) (Fig. 6). Urodacus armatus digs shallower burrows on the dune base and inter- dune swales (Locket 1990).
introduced Insecls associated with extensive Systems The lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis) (Collembola: Sminthuridae) is a native of Mediterranean areas and is well established in southern Australia. Hosts include medics, clovers, beans, cereals and a wide range of mainly broad-leaved crops and weeds. Lucerne flea causes damage by chewing, and results in the leaf surface having an exposed ‘membrane’ or epidermis giving a characteristic “window’ on the remote surface. Minute black specks of excreta are also present.
introduced Insecls associated with extensive Systems The lucerne flea (Sminthurus viridis) (Collembola: Sminthuridae) is a native of Mediterranean areas and is well established in southern Australia. Hosts include medics, clovers, beans, cereals and a wide range of mainly broad-leaved crops and weeds. Lucerne flea causes damage by chewing, and results in the leaf surface having an exposed ‘membrane’ or epidermis giving a characteristic “window’ on the remote surface. Minute black specks of excreta are also present.
appearance. Leaf margins are often rolled over. Damage to fruit is usually superficial but can provide an entry point for rotting organisms. Damage usually occurs where two fruits touch, where a leaf has been pulled down over a fruit or in the cavity around the stalk. The larvae always feed under shelter. Figures 8-9. 8 (left) native budworm (Helicoverpa punctigera) larvae feeding on lupins; 9 (right) lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) (Photographs: SARDI Entomology).
appearance. Leaf margins are often rolled over. Damage to fruit is usually superficial but can provide an entry point for rotting organisms. Damage usually occurs where two fruits touch, where a leaf has been pulled down over a fruit or in the cavity around the stalk. The larvae always feed under shelter. Figures 8-9. 8 (left) native budworm (Helicoverpa punctigera) larvae feeding on lupins; 9 (right) lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) (Photographs: SARDI Entomology).
Hemiptera (bugs, leafnoppers, Cicadas, apnids, scale insects, lerps) The most characteristic feature of the Hemiptera is the structure of the mouthparts which are adapted to extract the liquid contents of plants or animal prey by suction. They are mostly terrestrial and phytophagous (plant feeding), although the suborder Heteroptera includes groups which are carnivorous (e.g. assassin bugs, Reduviidae), and others which show varying degrees of adaptation to aquatic environments (see also Chapter 10).
Hemiptera (bugs, leafnoppers, Cicadas, apnids, scale insects, lerps) The most characteristic feature of the Hemiptera is the structure of the mouthparts which are adapted to extract the liquid contents of plants or animal prey by suction. They are mostly terrestrial and phytophagous (plant feeding), although the suborder Heteroptera includes groups which are carnivorous (e.g. assassin bugs, Reduviidae), and others which show varying degrees of adaptation to aquatic environments (see also Chapter 10).
Many different shield or stink bugs (Pentatomoidae) occur in the region. Scutelleridae include Austrotichus rugosus, which has been found in leaf litter at Keith, and Solenotichus circuliferus from Morgan and Loxton (Gross 1975). A number of Poecilometis spp. (Fig. 12), often found under peeling bark of Eucalyptus or on Callitris (Gross 1976), also occur. Poecilometis alienus has been collected from Morgan, Tailem Bend, and Karoonda to Peebinga, P. stigatus from along the Murray River, P. parilis from Sinclair Flat, upstream of Lock 1, and P. vermiculatus from Mercunda and Mannum (Gross 1976). Several other genera occur in the region (see Gross 1975, 1976), often associated with the common trees of the region such as Eucualyptus, Callitris and Allocasuarina/Casuarina.
Many different shield or stink bugs (Pentatomoidae) occur in the region. Scutelleridae include Austrotichus rugosus, which has been found in leaf litter at Keith, and Solenotichus circuliferus from Morgan and Loxton (Gross 1975). A number of Poecilometis spp. (Fig. 12), often found under peeling bark of Eucalyptus or on Callitris (Gross 1976), also occur. Poecilometis alienus has been collected from Morgan, Tailem Bend, and Karoonda to Peebinga, P. stigatus from along the Murray River, P. parilis from Sinclair Flat, upstream of Lock 1, and P. vermiculatus from Mercunda and Mannum (Gross 1976). Several other genera occur in the region (see Gross 1975, 1976), often associated with the common trees of the region such as Eucualyptus, Callitris and Allocasuarina/Casuarina.
Figures 14-15. 14 (left), small grass yellow, Eurema smilax; 15 (right), inland form of the amaryllis azure (Ogyris amaryllis meridionalis,) female (Photographs: Roger Grund - http://users.sa.chariot.net.au/~rbg/). Nymphalidae are medium to large butterflies and are commonly brown or orange. The common brown (Heteronympha merope) is widespread in the region and its larval food plants include Poa spp. and kangaroo grass (Themeda trianda) (Braby 2004). The meadow argus (Junonia villida), Australian painted lady (Vanessa kershawi), yellow admiral (V. itea), lesser admiral (Danaus chrysippus), and monarch or wanderer butterfly (D. plexippus), are all widespread and common.
Figures 14-15. 14 (left), small grass yellow, Eurema smilax; 15 (right), inland form of the amaryllis azure (Ogyris amaryllis meridionalis,) female (Photographs: Roger Grund - http://users.sa.chariot.net.au/~rbg/). Nymphalidae are medium to large butterflies and are commonly brown or orange. The common brown (Heteronympha merope) is widespread in the region and its larval food plants include Poa spp. and kangaroo grass (Themeda trianda) (Braby 2004). The meadow argus (Junonia villida), Australian painted lady (Vanessa kershawi), yellow admiral (V. itea), lesser admiral (Danaus chrysippus), and monarch or wanderer butterfly (D. plexippus), are all widespread and common.
Among the apocritan wasps, two families belonging to the Superfamily Evanioidez (Evaniidae and Gasteruptiidae) are widespread in the Riverland and Murraylands. Evaniidae (hatchet or ensign wasps) parasitise cockroach oothecae and adults of several species of Acanthinevania anc Szepligetella can be collected on various flowers, including eucalypts, Melaleuca and Bursaria, as adults use nectar as an energy source. The larvae of Gasteruptiidae occur in the nests of solitary bees and wasps where they kill the host egg or larvae and then consume the pollen store provided by the host for its developing larvae (i.e. predator-inquilines). As with evaniid wasps, adult gasteruptiids car be found on flowers with an abundant nectar supply or can be seen searching for host nests on tree trunks, banks or ground (Fig. 17). One gasteruptiid, Pseudofoenus morganensis, has only beer collected near Morgan (Jennings & Austin 2002).
Among the apocritan wasps, two families belonging to the Superfamily Evanioidez (Evaniidae and Gasteruptiidae) are widespread in the Riverland and Murraylands. Evaniidae (hatchet or ensign wasps) parasitise cockroach oothecae and adults of several species of Acanthinevania anc Szepligetella can be collected on various flowers, including eucalypts, Melaleuca and Bursaria, as adults use nectar as an energy source. The larvae of Gasteruptiidae occur in the nests of solitary bees and wasps where they kill the host egg or larvae and then consume the pollen store provided by the host for its developing larvae (i.e. predator-inquilines). As with evaniid wasps, adult gasteruptiids car be found on flowers with an abundant nectar supply or can be seen searching for host nests on tree trunks, banks or ground (Fig. 17). One gasteruptiid, Pseudofoenus morganensis, has only beer collected near Morgan (Jennings & Austin 2002).
Figures 20-21. 20 (left) inch ant (Vyrmecia sp.) (Photograph: Brett Smith); 21 (right) male bluebanded bee (Amegilla sp.) (Photograph: Remko Leijs). Many genera and species of ants (Formicidae) are represented (Greenslade 1979; Shattuck 1999). Whilst the majority of ants are general predators or scavengers, feeding on a wide range of prey including other arthropods, many are seed feeders. Some also tend sap-sucking Hemiptera and other insects. Among the commonly encountered ants in the region are the meat ants Uridomyrmex spp.), which have nests that can be of an enormous size with tens of thousands of workers. They clear vegetation from the surface around their nest and cover the area with small stones. Some /ridomyrmex are associated with butterflies, including the satin azure (Ogyris amaryllis). Another common genus is Camponotus (sugar ants). They can be seen foraging on the ground and on vegetation by day but more frequently by night. Adults derive their sustenance from the excreta of sap-sucking insects, floral nectaries and seeds. Several species are known to have a mutualistic relationship with Ogyris butterflies. Other common ant genera in the region include Melophorus, Meranoplus (especially in the mallee), Myrmecia (bulldog ants and inch ants — see Fig. 20), Pheidole and Rhytidoponera.
Figures 20-21. 20 (left) inch ant (Vyrmecia sp.) (Photograph: Brett Smith); 21 (right) male bluebanded bee (Amegilla sp.) (Photograph: Remko Leijs). Many genera and species of ants (Formicidae) are represented (Greenslade 1979; Shattuck 1999). Whilst the majority of ants are general predators or scavengers, feeding on a wide range of prey including other arthropods, many are seed feeders. Some also tend sap-sucking Hemiptera and other insects. Among the commonly encountered ants in the region are the meat ants Uridomyrmex spp.), which have nests that can be of an enormous size with tens of thousands of workers. They clear vegetation from the surface around their nest and cover the area with small stones. Some /ridomyrmex are associated with butterflies, including the satin azure (Ogyris amaryllis). Another common genus is Camponotus (sugar ants). They can be seen foraging on the ground and on vegetation by day but more frequently by night. Adults derive their sustenance from the excreta of sap-sucking insects, floral nectaries and seeds. Several species are known to have a mutualistic relationship with Ogyris butterflies. Other common ant genera in the region include Melophorus, Meranoplus (especially in the mallee), Myrmecia (bulldog ants and inch ants — see Fig. 20), Pheidole and Rhytidoponera.
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