Conservation Science

Scientists who study the 92 species of whales and dolphins (aka cetaceans) know that many populations are endangered. There may be only 12 vaquita porpoises left, and the ~450 North Atlantic Right whales are being decimated by ship collisions and fishing gear. Conservation efforts rely on implanted radio tags and satellite transponders to track cetaceans in 1.3 billion cubic kilometers of ocean. These efforts, however, are handicapped by technology and the limits of available satellite support. Leading cetologists surveyed in Booz Allen Hamilton’s Project WHALES (Whale/Habitat and Location/Environment Smallsats) agreed there are simply not enough tracking assets in space. The existing U.S.-led ARGOS radio tracking system needs to be supplemented with more satellites, especially in the tropical regions where ARGOS transceivers on polar-orbiting satellites leave gaps of up to two hours. A constellation of small satellites appears to be the most cost-effective way to achieve this objec...

In this paper the Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA), i.e. thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, was used as a diagnostic tool to better understand the matter composition of some very valuable artworks the Serpottas’ stuccoes in Palermo. Particularly the STA was used in order to exclude the presence of an unusual calcium-bearing magnesium carbonate, and the thermal data were also used to quantify the magnesite to calcite ratio. The latter was investigated in order to evaluate the amount of magnesium in the lime used as binder as during 17th and 18th century in Sicily magnesium rich lime was indicated as the most valuable binder probably because this kind of lime has a higher plasticity. The data obtained in this work are not conclusive but indicate a way to contribute to the comprehension of this unique work of art composition.

print edition www.Morana-rtd.com © by M O R A N A RTD d.o.o. M O R A N A RTD d.o.o. Results on analysis of prehistoric pigments from excavations and pigments on coloured child bones from North Patagonia, Argentina, are reported. To analyze their composition we used two micro-analytical techniques: micro-Raman spectrometr y (MRS) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray micro-analysis (SEM/EDX). Most investigated excavated pigments show red or yellow ochres consistent with reddish or yellow minerals, such as α-and γ-goethite, haematite, erdite, haapalaite and jarosite. Raman spectra show also evidence of calcium oxalate monohydrate and calcite indicating lichen activity. Pigments covering human bones were identified as hematite and magnetite. This study allows us to infer that pigments found in excavation were employed for burial ceremonies, even though distances between excavated pigment archaeological site and buried remains are quite far, more than 50 km in a straight line.

This paper aims to document the conservation processes of a polychrome wooden coffin in the Dahshur archaeological area dating back to the late period. The exterior part of the coffin is decorated with a painted layer. Visual observation, 2D Program, and Optical Microscopy (OM) were used. wood identification. The coffin was in a bad condition. It was covered with a thick layer of dust, losing parts of the painted and gesso layers, as well as other parts of these layers, were lost. Some parts were missing from the head area of the lid coffin. The conservation processes of the wooden coffin included mechanical and chemical cleaning, reattachment of the separated parts of the ground layer and painted layers, filling the edge of the painted layer, and consolidating the painted layer. The conservation process included mechanical cleaning using soft brushes, chemical cleaning using ethyl alcohol and distilled water for painting, stabilization of the separated gesso layer using Paraloid B72, filling cracks of the gesso layers using glass microballoon with Paraloid B72 and consolidating the painted layer with calcium oxide nanoparticles with Klucel G (hydroxypropyl cellulose) 0. 5%

This paper describes the results of a multi-technological analytical protocol performed on the painted surface of an Egyptian wooden coffin and documents the conservation processes of a wooden coffin covered with a black resin layer and coloured materials in Dahshur Archaeological Area dating back to the late period. It uses visual observation, optical microscopy (OM), technical imaging, 2D and 3D programmes, and a scan made using an electron microscope coupled with an Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD). Wood identification was also carried out. The results showed the use of yellow ochre for the yellow painted layer; the ground layer was calcium carbonate with gypsum, and the fabric layer was linen. The conservation processes of the wooden coffin included mechanical and chemical cleaning; reassembling the separated wooden parts, ground layer, and black resin layers; filling the edge of the ground layer; and consolidating the wood, black resin, and painted layer. The conservation processes included mechanical cleaning using soft brushes, chemical cleaning using xylene and distilled water for the black resin layer and ethyl alcohol and distilled water for the painted layer, stabilisation of the separated ground layer using Paraloid B72, filling the cracks of the ground layers using glass microballoons with Paraloid B72, and consolidating the painted layer with nano-silica with Klucel G (hydroxypropyl cellulose) (0.5% concentration).

Conservation is an inherently social process—people collectively endeavor to enact conservation. Yet, in conservation social science, research methodologies, training, and competency are less common than in natural sciences. Globally, formal education and training in the social sciences are often unavailable or inaccessible to conservation practitioners, and nonformal education may help fill this gap. To identify potential opportunities, we implemented a global survey of practitioners to identify their knowledge gaps and social science training needs and conducted a gap analysis of available social science training resources. We compiled 449 resources, including 266 English-language and 183 non-English-languages resources into an open-access online database hosted by the Conservation Social Science Partnership. Resources were categorized as communication,
data collection, ethics and human rights, intervention, impact evaluation, or analysis. Most resources were open access (90%) and half were specific to conservation practice. Survey responses (n = 90) revealed demand for help with data analyses, research ethics, and human rights considerations. We found a need for organization leaders to prioritize social sciences
in conservation, greater diversity of accessible training resources in alternate mediums and languages, resources tailored to conservation contexts, and additional ethics and human rights and data analysis resources.

The importance of today's zoological gardens as the so-called ''Noah's Ark'' grows as the natural habitat of many species quickly diminishes. Their potential to shelter a large amount of individuals from many species gives us the opportunity to reintroduce a species that disappeared in nature. However, the selection of animals to be kept in zoos worldwide is highly selective and depends on human decisions driven by both ecological criteria such as population size or vulnerability and audience-driven criteria such as aesthetic preferences. Thus we focused our study on the most commonly kept and bred animal class, the mammals, and we asked which factors affect various aspects of the mammalian collection of zoos. We analyzed the presence/absence, population size, and frequency per species of each of the 123 mammalian families kept in the worldwide zoo collection. Our aim was to explain these data using the human-perceived attractiveness of mammalian families, their body weight, relative brain size and species richness of the family. In agreement with various previous studies, we found that the body size and the attractiveness of mammals significantly affect all studied components of the mammalian collection of zoos. There is a higher probability of the large and attractive families to be kept. Once kept, these animals are presented in larger numbers in more zoos. On the contrary, the relative mean brain size only affects the primary selection whether to keep the family or not. It does not affect the zoo population size or the number of zoos that keep the family.

This paper presents the modern strategies of research in the field of cultural heritage, taking into account aspects related to integrated conservation, new materials and technologies of intervention onto art objects and also co-assisting inter-and transdisciplinary methods of new, noninvasive techniques of scientific investigation.

The paper present new aspects of the revaluation of prehistoric ceramic artifacts from Romanian archaeological sites, under current rules and concepts of integrated conservation science. We have outlined a number of research directions, which allowed the establishment of the position and role of the three ways or forms of enhancement (purposes), namely: ceramological and historiographical studies, museum displaying, trading and assemblance/enrichment of the collections by analyzing the involvement of various scientific activities of the integrated conservation for the main types or groups of interest.

The concept of the post-war reconstruction of many Eastern European cities, shaped as a result of the actions of German town planners at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, in many cases consisted of negation, non-continuation or abandonment of previously set development directions. The subject of studies in this text will be the city of Poznań, which continued to develop in the post-war period on the basis of spatial arrangement created as a result of actions of Joseph Stübben in the years [1902][1903][1904][1905][1906][1907][1908][1909][1910][1911][1912][1913][1914][1915][1916][1917][1918].The post-war reconstruction of the city after 1945 preserved its main urban layout created during the modernization period with the participation of a German town planner. The structure of the city preserved in this way consisted mainly of multi-family residential buildings. Urban planning and architectural activities as part of the reconstruction of the city after 1945 were aimed at continuing this concept. A critical analysis of these activities is planned in the following text. Housing construction was an important matter in the period of socialism in Eastern Europe, which on the one hand, supported propaganda activities, but on the other hand, increased the prestige of the authorities, which contributed funds to building new houses for the so-called "working class". "The investor on behalf of the state were housing cooperatives, which were responsible for the preparation of project documentation, which was ordered from state design offices. The post-war reconstruction of the city of Poznań, with the use of complementary buildings, became an interesting experimental field for architects and town planners. The research presented in the text will aim to refer to the creative attitudes of the time, as well as to confront the activities on these issues carried out during the communist period and in the post-1989 period. The aforementioned urban and architectural activities can be treated as an important element of the concept of heritage protection, seen through the prism of over 100 years of history of the concept of a modern city created by Joseph Stübben at the beginning of the 20th century.

The Arctic tundra is currently experiencing an unprecedented combination of climate change, change in grazing pressure by large herbivores and growing human activity. Thickets of tall shrubs represent a conspicuous vegetation state in northern and temperate ecosystems, where it serves important ecological functions, including habitat for wildlife. Thickets are however labile, as tall shrubs respond rapidly to both abiotic and biotic environmental drivers. Our aim was to assess how large-scale spatial variation in willow thicket areal extent, configuration and habitat structure affected bird abundance, occupancy rates and species richness so as to provide an empirical basis for predicting the outcome of environmental change for riparian tundra bird communities. Based on a 4-year count data series, obtained through a large-scale study design in low arctic tundra in northern Norway, statistical hierarchical community models were deployed to assess relations between habitat configuration and bird species occupancy and community richness. We found that species abundance, occupancy and richness were greatly affected by willow areal extent and configuration, habitat features likely to be affected by intense ungulate browsing as well as climate warming. In sum, total species richness was maximized in large and tall willow patches of small to intermediate degree of fragmentation. These community effects were mainly driven by responses in the occupancy rates of species depending on tall willows for foraging and breeding, while species favouring other vegetation states were not affected. In light of the predicted climate driven willow shrub encroachment in riparian tundra habitats, our study predicts that many bird species would increase in abundance, and that the bird community as a whole could become enriched. Conversely, in tundra regions where overabundance of large herbivores leads to decreased areal extent, reduced height and increased fragmentation of willow thickets, bird community richness and species-specific abundance are likely to be significantly reduced.

Museum curators and archaeologists use analytical science to provide important information on artworks and objects. For example, scientific techniques provide information on artwork elemental composition, origin and authenticity, and corrosion products, while also finding use in the day-today conservation of many historical objects in museums and archaeological sites around the world. In this work two special cases are being discussed. In the first part of our work, physicochemical studies of an icon on a metal substrate were carried out using nondestructive, qualitative analysis of pigments and organicbased binding media, employing various microscopic and analytical techniques, such as Optical Fluorescence Microscopy, XRF, and Gas Chromatography. In the second part of our work, laser cleaning of late Roman coins has been performed using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, E. Drakaki • M. Kandyla • I. Zergioti () • A.A.

Neglected and underutilized crop species (NUS) are not widely grown or marketed. Certain crop types (amaranth, buckwheat, and quinoa) have advantages over commercial crops (rice, maize, and wheat). They can grow in harsh environments because of their greater resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Harnessing the NUS can solve global problems such as climate change, loss of agrobiodiversity, food insecurity, poverty, and unemployment in rural regions. Hence, this review investigates the various social, environmental, and economic functions associated with NUS cultivation to encourage and support future research on these crops.

Neglected and underutilized crop species (NUS) are not widely grown or marketed. Certain crop types (amaranth, buckwheat, and quinoa) have advantages over commercial crops (rice, maize, and wheat). They can grow in harsh environments because of their greater resistance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Harnessing the NUS can solve global problems such as climate change, loss of agrobiodiversity, food insecurity, poverty, and unemployment in rural regions. Hence, this review investigates the various social, environmental, and economic functions associated with NUS cultivation to encourage and support future research on these crops.

Citizen science has advanced science for hundreds of years, contributed to many peer-reviewed articles, and informed land management decisions and policies across the United States. Over the last 10 years, citizen science has grown immensely in the United States and many other countries. Here, we show how citizen science is a powerful tool for tackling many of the challenges faced in the field of conservation biology. We describe the two interwoven paths by which citizen science can improve conservation efforts, natural resource management, and environmental protection. The first path includes building scientific knowledge, while the other path involves informing policy and encouraging public action. We explore how citizen science is currently used and describe the investments needed to create a citizen science program. We find that: 1. Citizen science already contributes substantially to many domains of science, including conservation, natural resource, and environmental science. Citizen science informs natural resource management, environmental protection, and policymaking and fosters public input and engagement. 2. Many types of projects can benefit from citizen science, but one must be careful to match the needs for science and public involvement with the right type of citizen science project and the right method of public participation. 3. Citizen science is a rigorous process of scientific discovery, indistinguishable from conventional science apart from the participation of volunteers. When properly designed, carried out, and evaluated, citizen science can provide sound science, efficiently generate high-quality data, and help solve problems.

Hog deer (Axis porcinus) are an endangered species in Pakistan, and there is little information about their feed preference in captivity. Seven animals were offered weighed amount of feed in two seasonal binary combinations of fresh fodder and one combination of grains. The fresh seasonal fodder included Oat (Avena sativa), Lucerne (Medicago sativa), Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and Maize (Zea mays); whereas grains included Wheat (Triticum aestivum) whole-grains and Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) seeds. Thirteen plant samples were collected from the wild habitat of Hog deer in Tunsa Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary. Plant samples from wild and captivity were analysed through proximate analysis for Crude protein, Fiber, Fat and Ash contents. The outcomes concluded that in combination C1, the hog deer preferred Oat over Lucerne (p < 0.05) with a mean percentage±standard error (Mean±SE) of 90.757±0.401 percent for Oat and 9.243±0.401 percent for Lucerne. The animals preferred Maize (p < 0.05...

Tourism plays a significant role in the economies of developing countries, including Indonesia. It has the potential to generate employment and income for the local communities, and promises to protect and preserve the natural and cultural heritage. Society plays a very important role in tourism. Community empowerment is one of the pillars in tourism development strategy. With the hope of the community to host tourists visiting the region. Efforts to improve community empowerment include activities to increase tourism awareness and business potential of the community in the field of tourism. Community empowerment based on local wisdom is done by involving the community so as to give empowerment for local people in tourism activities. This study was conducted to find out more about the empowerment of local Wisdom-based Communities in Village of Bajo, Wakatobi to improve the empowerment of Bajo community in the field of tourism. The theories which used to analyze how the local wisdom ...

Conservation, preventive conservation, documentation techniques and scientific analysis have been combined to give new insights in the understanding of ecclesiastical works of art over the past 40 years. The recognition that the majority of the organic and inorganic ecclesiastical artworks needs to be preserved as a unique part of our cultural heritage, has led to a renewed interest of the academic community in this field and the creation of the International Meetings of Conservation & Documentation of Ecclesiastical Artefacts (IMCDEA).
The present volume is a collaborative work and grew out of the 2nd International Meeting IMCDEA which was organized in December 2016 on Zante island. The main objective of this meeting was to address issues regarding the preservation, documentation and analysis of ecclesiastical artworks.
The volume aims to contribute to our understanding of the organic and inorganic ecclesiastical artworks (i.e., icons, textiles, paper, wood, metalworks, glass etc.), methods of interventive and preventive conservation treatments, documentation methods, case studies, and scientific analysis of artworks. Chapters encompass various items, collections, churches and monasteries, from a plethora of regions such as Greece, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Qatar, Spain, Italy, and Albania.
We would like to acknowledge the Ionian University and the Theological School of Halki for providing their premises for the successful organisation of the 1st and the 2nd IMCDEA meetings and the Organizing and the Scientific Committee for their contribution in the smooth organization of the two meetings. This volume wouldn’t have been published without the efforts and the help of the Balkan Heritage Foundation.
Finally, we would like to thank all the students of Ionian University who helped in the organization of the meeting.

Christos Karydis, Artemios Oikonomou, Eleni Kouloumpi, Ivan Vasilev & Stanislav Stanev
Editors

The world is degrading daily due to the overuse of natural resources, urbanization, and industrialization. When humans abuse natural resources, causing ecology to become unbalanced, the relationship between nature and man switches from symbiotic to predatory. Because belief systems substantially impact environmental behavior, ethnic adaptive folk traditions have played an important role in appraising many socio-ecological challenges. The ethnic communities throughout their territory have accumulated information over time, which in normal conditions sets them up to get by in counterbalance to their current situation, and so encourages them to counteract with the characteristic traits for their job. The main aim of the present study is the interaction between ethnic societies’ adaptive traditional beliefs and the environment, which can sustain ecosystems. The present empirical study in the Purulia district of West Bengal, India has investigated and documented ethnic communities’ traditional belief systems that can aid to conserve and preserve biodiversity.

The giant panda is a conservation icon, but science has been slow to take up its cause in earnest. In the past decade, researchers have been making up for lost time, as reflected in the flurry of activity reported at the symposium Conservation Science for Giant Pandas and Their Habitat at the 2009 International Congress for Conservation Biology (ICCB) in Beijing. In reports addressing topics ranging from spatial ecology to molecular censusing, from habitat recovery in newly established reserves to earthquake-induced habitat loss, from new insights into factors limiting carrying capacity to the uncertain effects of climate change, this symposium displayed the vibrant and blossoming application of science to giant panda conservation. Collectively, we find that we have come a long way, but we also reach an all-too-familiar conclusion: the more we know, the more challenges are revealed. While many earlier findings are supported, many of our assumptions are debatable. Here we discuss rec...

Field observation of the deteriorating materials on heritage buildings and a comprehensive analysis of their respective weathering products using various laboratory techniques are conducted for an archaeological ruin in Bangladesh. The fifteenth-nineteenth century buildings were investigated through empirical observation of their in-situ weathering characteristics to attempt to determine the possible relation between their deterioration and the surrounding environment. Results from physical and chemical analysis of water, mineralogical and elemental analysis of the weathered materials suggested that deterioration occurred primarily due to the environmental effects with the specific identification of the salts thenardite, gypsum and nahcolite as weathering products.

Human activities have been occupying and replacing natural landscapes with agricultural and urban areas and, if developed in a disorderly way, they interfere with the natural dynamics of landscapes. Such a relationship between external properties and internal characteristics of a landscape is notedly the physiography basic principle. Therefore, the researchers performed a mapping applied to the physiographic characterization of Guaraciaba do Norte and Carnaubal, Ibiapaba, Ceará. Furthermore, listing physiographic parameters helped to understand the local processesbiological, physical, and chemical. Geosystem applied at the scale of 1:300,000 was the guiding methodology, whose results demonstrated the need for effective measures for the recovery and preservation of the area, mainly about the riparian forest and some existing erosive processes.

Moapa dace (Moapa coriacea) is a critically endangered thermophilic minnow native to the Muddy River ecosystem in southeastern Nevada, USA. Restricted to temperatures between 26.0 and 32.0uC, these fish are constrained to the upper two km of the Muddy River and several small tributaries fed by warm springs. Habitat alterations, nonnative species invasion, and water withdrawals during the 20th century resulted in a drastic decline in the dace population and in 1979 the Moapa Valley National Wildlife Refuge (Refuge) was created to protect them. The goal of our study was to determine the potential effects of reduced surface flows that might result from groundwater pumping or water diversions on Moapa dace habitat inside the Refuge. We accomplished our goal in several steps. First, we conducted snorkel surveys to determine the locations of Moapa dace on three warm-spring tributaries of the Muddy River. Second, we conducted hydraulic simulations over a range of flows with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model. Third, we developed a set of Moapa dace habitat models with logistic regression and a geographic information system. Fourth, we estimated Moapa dace habitat over a range of flows (plus or minus 30% of base flow). Our spatially explicit habitat models achieved classification accuracies between 85% and 91%, depending on the snorkel survey and creek. Water depth was the most significant covariate in our models, followed by substrate, Froude number, velocity, and water temperature. Hydraulic simulations showed 2-11% gains in dace habitat when flows were increased by 30%, and 8-32% losses when flows were reduced by 30%. To ensure the health and survival of Moapa dace and the Muddy River ecosystem, groundwater and surface-water withdrawals and diversions need to be carefully monitored, while fully implementing a proactive conservation strategy.

The Church of Santa Maria is one of the finest examples of seventeenth century heritage monuments in the Maltese archipelago. The provenance of limestone used in the restoration works is different from the original heritage fabric. It is obtained from a quarry located 5.2 km south of the church whilst the original source of the limestone, according to tradition, is from an area 2.2 km north of the monument. This petrological study concludes that although both extracted from the same geological formation, there are physical, textural, geochemical and mineralogical differences even over a distance of 7.4 km. The limestone used in replacement is more resistance in terms of compressive strength and is less porous. Although having same principal non-carbonate oxides, the quantitative variations in the geochemistry and the mineralogy are indicative of qualitative differences between the two lithotypes; they are diagnostic indicators of the provenance of the limestone.

Governments have committed to conserving ≥17% of terrestrial and ≥10% of marine environments globally, especially “areas of particular importance for biodiversity” through “ecologically representative” Protected Area (PA) systems or other “area‐based conservation measures”, while individual countries have committed to conserve 3–50% of their land area. We estimate that PAs currently cover 14.6% of terrestrial and 2.8% of marine extent, but 59–68% of ecoregions, 77–78% of important sites for biodiversity, and 57% of 25,380 species have inadequate coverage. The existing 19.7 million km2 terrestrial PA network needs only 3.3 million km2 to be added to achieve 17% terrestrial coverage. However, it would require nearly doubling to achieve, cost‐efficiently, coverage targets for all countries, ecoregions, important sites, and species. Poorer countries have the largest relative shortfalls. Such extensive and rapid expansion of formal PAs is unlikely to be achievable. Greater focus is there...

Uno dei miei QUADERNI al www.giuliobertagna.it, dedicato soprattutto ai progettisti, quale stimolo per progettare più consapevolmente "intorno all'essere umano" o meglio "per l'essere umano". Un'analisi critica sulla così detta Psicologia del Colore con l'occasione di dissertare sul Color Test di Max Lüscher, per comprendere la ragione della sua potente efficacia. Ovviamente dal mio umile punto di vista di designer studioso delle neuroscienze.

Aim Human-wildlife conflict is one of the major challenges in Kanchenjunga Conservation Area. It may erode public support in wildlife conservation. Here, we review the extent to which wildlife damages livestock and crops. Location Lelep and Yamphudin region, Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Taplejung, Nepal Materials and methodsThe study employed a combination of surveying methods such as focus group discussion, key informant interview and field observation from 21 July to 06 August 2013. Focus group discussion was done primarily with the representatives of snow leopard conservation committee in Lelep and Yamphudin. Key Findings Livestock depredation in Ghunsa valley, Lelep village development committee was increasing with an annual average loss rate of 11% in ten years (2005- 2014). Despite community-based insurance schemes, loss has increased to 28% from 17.2% in 2014. No retaliatory killings of snow leopards were reported since 2005, which may be attributable to the insurance sche...

Materials in the paint layers of an early sixteenth-century painted and glazed terracotta sculpture by Giovanni della Robbia, Pietà, were identified. The presence of the rare lead chloride salts cotunnite (PbCl 2 ) and challacolloite (KPb 2 Cl 5 ) were confirmed using Raman spectroscopy and electron back scatter diffraction. The well-formed habit of large crystals of challacolloite indicates slow growth from solution. The stability and potential pathways for the in-situ formation of lead chloride compounds are discussed. The presence of lead chloride phases in the Pietà indicates conditions of high chloride ion concentrations (i.e., activities) and/or low pH led to the alteration of the pigment lead white (hydrocerussite, 2PbCO 3 •Pb(OH) 2 ). This work highlights the role of ion transport in alteration of materials in cultural heritage objects and emphasizes the importance of considering the role of treatments and environmental factors in changes in materials, and reinforces our awareness of the on-going chemistry occurring in works of art. The lead chloride compounds challacolloite (KPb 2 Cl 5 ) and cotunnite (PbCl 2 ), rarely found in works of art, were identified within the paint layers on a terracotta sculpture, Pietà, by the Florentine sculptor Giovanni della Robbia, dated to ca. 1510/1520 (Figure ). Characterization and distribution of chemical phases in the paint was undertaken using multiple analytical methods on small samples to investigate the distribution of the materials to shed light on possible formation pathways for these lead salts. To our knowledge, challacolloite has been previously confirmed on only three objects, a painted terracotta sculpture by the early fifteenth-century Florentine/Umbrian artist Michele da Firenze, 1 a painted Roman-Egyptian mummy portrait excavated from Tebtunis, Egypt 2 and in a Ptolemaic Egyptian Book of the Dead papyrus. Although perhaps expected as corrosion products on lead objects in various environments, 4-8 chemical analysis is beginning to reveal that lead chloride compounds may be more widespread in works of art than previously known or supposed. Lead chlorides have been identified in oil paintings, sculptures, works on paper and silk, and on painted walls. In oil paintings, in addition to the simple chloride, cotunnite, 9, 10 oxy and hydroxy chloride salts and alkali metal salts of lead including fiedlerite (Pb 3 Cl 4 (OH) 2 ) 11 and mimetite (Pb 5 Cl(AsO 4 ) 3 ) 12, 13 have been identified. Cotunnite has been found on the painted surfaces of terracotta sculptures. Laurionite (PbCl(OH)) and/or possibly blixite (Pb 2 Cl(O,OH) 2 ) were found in 12 th -15 th century Japanese paintings on paper and silk. On wall paintings, cotunnite, laurionite and phosgenite (Pb 2 Cl 2 CO 3 ) were found in in several grottoes of Mogao Caves, pyromorphite (Pb 5 Cl(PO 4 ) 3 ) and mimetite at the Maijishan Grottoes in China, 18 and cotunnite, laurionite and blixite were identified at Angkor Wat in Cambodia. Reasons for the presence of such lead salts on works of art are not well established. Most are likely alteration products due to environmental effects (including cleaning) or to reactivity of the original materials used by an artist. To investigate possible causes for the formation of lead chloride compounds on Della Robbia's Pietà, a few small paint samples were collected from several locations on the body of Christ to identify the compounds, the paint layering, and the distribution of chloride-containing salts. The relative stability and potential pathways for the in-situ formation of lead chloride compounds will be discussed.

Four copper corrosion products on copper alloy objects in the Athenian Agora collection were analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Analysis Xray (SEM-EDAX), and Ion Chromatography (IC) at the British Museum. Blue/green corrosion was identified as sodium copper carbonate acetate, white crystals as sodium acetate trihydrate, a turquoise blue corrosion as copper (II) hydroxide spertinite, and a dark brown corrosion as cassiterite and cuprite. The factors which may have led to the development of these compounds are discussed which include cleaning and stabilization agents such as sodium hydroxide and sodium sesquicarbonate, and acetic acid from wooden storage materials. The influence the equilibrium Relative Humidity (egRH) of these compounds may have on continued deterioration leads to a consideration of methods for their removal.

The Mireuksaji stone pagoda was built foundation in the reign of King Moo (AD 639) in the Baekje Kingdom of ancient Korea. The stone properties of the pagoda were quarried from Mountain Mireuk, which are medium to coarse-grained light gray biotite granite formed during the Jurassic, and are composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, muscovite, apatite and allanite. It was strong relatively but became weak from prolonged weathering, and as a result its durability fell to 883㎏f/㎤ (moderate weathering degree). In the process, cut-off (31%), deletion (57%) and crack (44%) occurred in foundation materials by the influence of bending, shear and compressive force. Hereat, the original materials were treated through a preservation process. As a result, approximately 74% of original materials have been able to be reused, inclusive of 55 materials that were to be partially replaced by new stones. On the other hand, it is inevitable that the other 26% including exterior stones and support-based stones have to be partially replaced by new stones. It implies that there is a need to find stones that are identical or similar to those of the pagoda. Consequently, a lithological study was conducted on stones in quarries located in Iksan and an investigation was made into their properties. The results showed that stones in the Hwangdeung area were most similar to those of the pagoda mineralogically and their properties were most stable.

The Bongamsa Jeongjindaesa Wonotap Pagoda (Treasure No. 171) constructed in the 10th century composed mainly of leucocratic granite with feldspar phenocryst. The major rock-forming minerals are quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase and some biotite. This pogoda is highly damaged physical weathering which are break-out, flakes, exfoliation and cracks. As a result of the infrared thermography on the surface of the pagoda, internal exfoliations occurred to cracks. Also, P-XRF analysis showed that Fe, S, Ca and Mn of concentration were so high in the discoloration parts. The coated part of red pigment has a high five times in Fe content than the fresh rock surface. This result suggests that material of red pigment is hematite. Ultrasonic velocity of the stone properties were from 831 to 2,457 m/s, but it measured velocity of less than 1,000m/s in part of damaged area. Therefore, we suggest for safety conservation for weathered parts of the pagoda, that is in want of rejoin and consolidation treatment about serious damage parts.

The Donggwanwangmyo Shrine was built in the period of Joseon Dynasty in 1602. There are Clay Statues (Gwanwo, Jangbi, Woojanggun, Juchang, Jojaryoung and so on) enshrined in the inside of the main hall. Original color of these Clay Statues are deteriorated by inorganic pollutant like dust. And the origanal forms were damaged during several process of restorations and repaintings. This study carried out XRD, SEM-EDS, P-XRF and chromaticity measurement for characterization of pigments which painted on Clay Statues. As a result, cinnabar, hematite and red lead were used to paint in pigments for the red and brown colors. Light red pigment was made by gypsum with these minerals that make colors. Graphite and gold were used to color of black and gold pigment, respectively. Green pigment is identified of malachite, atacamite and glauconite. Blue pigment which is clearly painted on Clay Statues is interpreted a morden industrial pigment that were painted at repair work. White pigments are detected calcite, gypsum and silver white. Orpiment and litharge were used to color of yellow and light yellow pigment.

The following research deals with Al-Qastal Palace, one of the most important early Islamic structures. It dates specifically to the Umayyad era in Jordan. Its floors are decorated with geometric mosaics, which were revealed during a series of archaeological excavations. These mosaics are characterized by a high level of artistic skill in their execution, particularly as evidenced by the great diversity in their shapes and designs. This study marks a serious attempt to compare the palace's mosaics with their counterpart in Byzantine art as represented at various Byzantine sites, likewise, to show the influence of Byzantine models on Islamic mosaics. Our research suggests that there was a prevalent school of art that was widespread in the region. By comparing the mosaics with relatively nearby sites, we were able to arrive at a comprehensive overview of mosaic production in the region, and determine whether they all belong to a single school of art. A serious attempt is being made to identify the main sources of influence for Qasr al-Qastal, especially those coming from Asia Minor, but also from other places outside the region.

Conservation areas are critical for biodiversity conservation, but few citizen science studies have evaluated their efficiency. In the absence of thorough survey data, this study assessed which species benefit most from conservation areas using citizen science bird counts extracted from the Atlas of Living Australia. This was accomplished by fitting temporal models using citizen science data taken from ALA for the years 2010-2019 using the INLA approach. The trends for six resident shorebird species were compared to those for the Australian Pied Oystercatcher, with the Black-fronted Dotterel, Red-capped Dotterel, and Red-kneed Dotterel exhibiting significantly steeper increasing trends. For the Black-fronted Dotterel, Masked Lapwing, and Red-kneed Dotterel, steeper rising trends were recorded in conservation areas than in other locations. The Dotterel species' conservation status is extremely favourable. This study demonstrates that, with some limits, statistical models can be used to track the persistence of resident shorebirds and to investigate the factors affecting these data.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Coastal ecosystems are often stressed by non-point source and cumulative effects that can lead to local-scale community homogenisation and a concomitant loss of large-scale ecological connectivity. Here we investigate the use of b-diversity as a measure of both community heterogeneity and ecological connectivity. To understand the consequences of different environmental scenarios on heterogeneity and connectivity, it is necessary to understand the scale at which different environmental factors affect b-diversity. We sampled macrofauna from intertidal sites in nine estuaries from New Zealand's North Island that represented different degrees of stress derived from land-use. We used multiple regression models to identify relationships between b-diversity and local sediment variables, factors related to the estuarine and catchment hydrodynamics and morphology and land-based stressors. At local scales, we found higher b-diversity at sites with a relatively high total richness. At larger scales, b-diversity was positively related to c-diversity, suggesting that a large regional species pool was linked with large-scale heterogeneity in these systems. Local environmental heterogeneity influenced b-diversity at both local and regional scales, although variables at the estuarine and catchment scales were both needed to explain large scale connectivity. The estuaries expected a priori to be the most stressed exhibited higher variance in community dissimilarity between sites and connectivity to the estuary species pool. This suggests that connectivity and heterogeneity metrics could be used to generate early warning signals of cumulative stress.

The Regeneration of urban brownfields is currently one of the strategies for densification and urban sustainability. However, as an architectural intervention, it is not an easy task and usually leads to two opposing dilemmas; demolition and/or conservation. This difficulty was observed in the regeneration projects of the colonial military brownfields in the city of Tlemcen, where the actors involved adopted different approaches, some of which damaged the existing architectural heritage and its values. The aim of this article is therefore to analyse the transformation processes of the military brownfields studied and to assess their conservation dimension. The latter is considered to be an indicator that makes it possible, on the one hand, to detect the modality of appropriation of the colonial architectural heritage within the projects analysed and, on the other hand, to assess their sustainability from a heritage perspective. This research was therefore based on the following scientific methods: in-situ observation, historical analysis, comparative analysis and semi-structured interviews. The results obtained for the two main study cases showed that the regeneration of the Bedeau barracks has a higher conservative dimension than that of the African hunter's barracks and can consequently be considered more sustainable in heritage terms.

Given the rapidly growing human population in mediterranean-climate systems, land use may pose a more immediate threat to biodiversity than climate change this century, yet few studies address the relative future impacts of both drivers. We assess spatial and temporal patterns of projected 21 st century land use and climate change on California sage scrub (CSS), a plant association of considerable diversity and threatened status in the mediterranean-climate California Floristic Province. Using a species distribution modeling approach combined with spatially-explicit land use projections, we model habitat loss for 20 dominant shrub species under unlimited and no dispersal scenarios at two time intervals (early and late century) in two ecoregions in California (Central Coast and South Coast). Overall, projected climate change impacts were highly variable across CSS species and heavily dependent on dispersal assumptions. Projected anthropogenic land use drove greater relative habitat losses compared to projected climate change in many species. This pattern was only significant under assumptions of unlimited dispersal, however, where considerable climate-driven habitat gains offset some concurrent climate-driven habitat losses. Additionally, some of the habitat gained with projected climate change overlapped with projected land use. Most species showed potential northern habitat expansion and southern habitat contraction due to projected climate change, resulting in sharply contrasting patterns of impact between Central and South Coast Ecoregions. In the Central Coast, dispersal could play an important role moderating losses from both climate change and land use. In contrast, high geographic overlap in habitat losses driven by projected climate change and projected land use in the South Coast underscores the potential for compounding negative impacts of both drivers. Limiting habitat conversion may be a broadly beneficial strategy under climate change. We emphasize the importance of addressing both drivers in conservation and resource management planning.

The European protected-area network will cease to be efficient for biodiversity conservation, particularly in the Mediterranean region, if species are driven out of protected areas by climate warming. Yet, no empirical evidence of how climate change influences ecological communities in Mediterranean nature reserves really exists. Here, we examine longterm (1998-2011/2012) and short-term (2011-2012) changes in the butterfly fauna of Dadia National Park (Greece) by revisiting 21 and 18 transects in 2011 and 2012 respectively, that were initially surveyed in 1998. We evaluate the temperature trend for the study area for a 22-year-period (1990-2012) in which all three butterfly surveys are included. We also assess changes in community composition and species richness in butterfly communities using information on (a) species' elevational distributions in Greece and (b) Community Temperature Index (calculated from the average temperature of species' geographical ranges in Europe, weighted by species' abundance per transect and year). Despite the protected status of Dadia NP and the subsequent stability of land use regimes, we found a marked change in butterfly community composition over a 13 year period, concomitant with an increase of annual average temperature of 0.95uC. Our analysis gave no evidence of significant year-to-year (2011-2012) variability in butterfly community composition, suggesting that the community composition change we recorded is likely the consequence of long-term environmental change, such as climate warming. We observe an increased abundance of low-elevation species whereas species mainly occurring at higher elevations in the region declined. The Community Temperature Index was found to increase in all habitats except agricultural areas. If equivalent changes occur in other protected areas and taxonomic groups across Mediterranean Europe, new conservation options and approaches for increasing species' resilience may have to be devised.

CHAPTER 2. Introduction and Background…………………………………………….15 Jaguars and ocelots in the United States…………………………………………15 Public participation………………………………………………………………19 Citizen science…………………………………………………………………...22 Benefits of citizen science……………………………………………………….24 Challenges of citizen science…………………………………………………….29 III. CHAPTER 3. Research Methods………………………………………………………...32 Methods…………………………………………………………………………..32 Selection………………………………………………………………………….33 Training…………………………………………………………………………..34 Study area………………………………………………………………………...36 Data collection and field safety…………………………………………………..39 Data processing…………………………………………………………………..41 Data analysis……………………………………………………………………..42 IV. CHAPTER 4. Results, Discussion, and Conclusions……………………………………47 Results ……………………….…………………………………………………...47 Discussion………………………………………………………………………..57 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………68 V.

The actual problem of adaptive reuse of historic buildings of rural schools in Ukraine is discussed in the article using the example of Poltava region. The history of the construction of Zemstvo schools in Ukraine is researched, the historical and cultural value of school buildings is determined, and their current condition is analyzed. Zemstvo schools of the architect O. Slastion in the Ukrainian architectural style have the greatest historical, cultural and social value. Factors affecting the choice of a new function of former school buildings are identified. For the first time, possible approaches to the adaptive reuse of historic rural school buildings are proposed: strategy of memorialization of buildings, strategy of social integration, strategy of active transformation of buildings. Adaptive reuse of historic school buildings is considered as one of the means of ensuring the sustainable development of rural communities.

This paper focuses attention on the importance of preserving objects of the historical urban landscape, which the authors consider as a response to the challenges of war. The relevance of the study is due to the desire of Ukraine to follow European values in the formation of urban spaces. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the essential, to be preserved, characteristics of the elements of historical urban landscapes -gardens and squares. In the work, the analysis of the stages of formation of elements of the historical urban landscape is carried out on the example of a garden and a square in the cities of Poltava and Kharkov; factors and patterns that influenced the features of their architectural and landscape formation are identified; the main characteristics of the spatial planning and landscape organization of the studied objects are revealed. A new research algorithm for Ukrainian practice will strengthen the scientific justification of projects for the preservation and revival of the country's historical urban landscape objects, as a response to the challenges of the post-war period. The result of the study can be used in works aimed at preserving historical urban landscapes in various urban conditions.