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Luxembourg

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For the province of Belgium, see Luxembourg (Belgium).
Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Coat of arms of Luxembourg
Coat of arms
Motto: "Mir wëlle bleiwe wat mir sinn"  (Luxembourgish)
"We want to remain what we are"
Anthem: Ons Heemecht
"Our Homeland"
[1]
Royal anthem: De Wilhelmus 1
Location of  Luxembourg  (dark green) – on the European continent  (green & dark grey) – in the European Union  (green)  —  [Legend]
Location of  Luxembourg  (dark green)

– on the European continent  (green & dark grey)
– in the European Union  (green)  —  [Legend]

Capital
and largest city
Luxembourg
49°36′N 6°7′E / 49.600°N 6.117°E / 49.600; 6.117
Official languagesLuxembourgish
French
German
Demonym(s)Luxembourgers
GovernmentUnitary parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy under a military junta
Henri (List)
Luc Frieden (List)
LegislatureChamber of Deputies
Independence
9 June 1815
19 April 1839
11 May 1867
• End of personal union
23 November 1890
Area
• Total
2,586.4 km2 (998.6 sq mi) (175th)
• Water (%)
0.60%
Population
• 2023 estimate
660,809 (170th)
• 2021 census
643,941
• Density
255/km2 (660.4/sq mi) (67th)
GDP (PPP)2011 estimate
• Total
$41.221 billion[1] (94th)
• Per capita
$80,119[1] (2nd)
GDP (nominal)2011 estimate
• Total
$58.412 billion[1] (69th)
• Per capita
$113,533[1] (1st)
HDI (2011)Increase 0.867[2]
very high · 25th
CurrencyEuro (€)2 (EUR)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)
UTC+2 (CEST)
Date formatdd/mm/yyyy
Driving sideright
Calling code352
ISO 3166 codeLU
Internet TLD.lu3
  1. Not the same as the Het Wilhelmus of the Netherlands.
  2. Before 1999: Luxembourgish franc.
  3. The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states.

Luxembourg (officially called the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg, French: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, German: Großherzogtum Luxemburg) is a landlocked country in Western Europe.

It is a small country by land area. In 2023, its population was 660,809, making it one of Europe's most densely populated countries.

It was one of the first countries in the European Union. It is also a member of the Benelux. The countries next to Luxembourg are Belgium, Germany, and France. The main language is Luxembourgish but French and German is also spoken there.

History

[change | change source]

In 963, Luxembourg was founded. Sigefroid, Count of Ardennes, came to own the ruins of an old Roman fort called "Castellum Lucilinburhuc" ("Little Castle") from the monks of the Abbey of St. Maximin in Trier.[3] In 1354, the emperor Charles IV made Luxembourg a duchy. In 1443, Luxembourg was captured by Philip of Burgundy.[4]

In, 1795, after the French revolution Luxembourg was taken over by France.[5][6] It became a département of France.[5] In 1815, Luxembourg became a grand duchy. It was ruled by the king of the Netherlands. From 1815 to 1866, Luxembourg became a member of the German Confederation. In 1890, after the death of William III, Luxembourg passed to the House of Nassau-Weilburg.[7]

Between 1914 to 1918, Luxembourg was conquered by Germany during World War I.[8] In 1940, the Germans returned during World War II, and in 1942 Luxembourg became part of the Third Reich.[9] In 1944, Luxembourg became independent in September because the United States Army arrived. In 1945, Luxembourg joined the United Nations.[10]

In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the first six members of the European Economic Community.[11] In 2020, Luxembourg became the first country in the world to make all public transport free to use.[12]

Politics

[change | change source]

Luxembourg is a parliamentary democracy lead by a constitutional monarch. Under the constitution of 1868, executive power is in the hands of the Governor and the cabinet, which consists of several other ministers.[13]

Climate

[change | change source]

Luxembourg has a continental climate.[14]

The highest temperature ever recorded in Luxembourg was 40.8 °C (105.4 °F), on 25 July 2019 in Steinsel.[15]

The lowest temperature ever recorded in Luxembourg was −24.6 °C (−12.3 °F) on 2 February 1956 in Wiltz.

Top 5 warmest days

[change | change source]
Rank Temperature Date Location
1. 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) 25 July 2019 Steinsel
2. 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) 12 August 2003 Schengen
3. 40.5 °C (104.9 °F) 19 July 2022 Esch-sur-Alzette
4. 39.4 °C (102.9 °F) 8 August 2003 Remich
5. 39.0 °C (102.2 °F) 9 August 2020 Esch-sur-Alzette

Districts, cantons, and communes

[change | change source]
The cantons of Luxembourg

Luxembourg is divided into twelve cantons. These twelve cantons are divided into 102 communes (towns or cities), which have local governments.[16]

Districts

[change | change source]

Until 2015, Luxembourg's cantons were sorted into three districts. These are not to be confused with the electoral districts of Luxembourg, which are used to elect members of the parliament.

The districts were:

  1. Diekirch
  2. Grevenmacher
  3. Luxembourg
[change | change source]

References

[change | change source]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Luxembourg.
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Luxembourg". International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
  2. ↑ "Human Development Report 2011" (PDF). United Nations. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2011. Retrieved 5 November 2011.
  3. ↑ About... The History of Luxembourg. Information and Press Service of the Government. 2022. ISBN 978-2-87999-298-3. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  4. ↑ Michel Pauly, Geschichte Luxemburgs 2013 p.35
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Dark Luxembourg: The French massacre of Differdange". Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  6. ↑ "LUXEMBOURG – 17 mai 1794 – MASSACRE DE DUDELANGE – l'HORRIBLE FIN DE PIERRE GAASCH, GARDE-FORESTIER ... – la Maraîchine Normande". 24 March 2016. Archived from the original on 6 October 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
  7. ↑ Kreins (2003), p. 66
  8. ↑ "The Second World War: the Toughest Ordeal". Luxembourg.lu. 9 January 2024. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  9. ↑ "The invasion of Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg". Judgment of the International Military Tribunal For The Trial of German Major War Criminals. London: HM Stationery Office. 1951. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2021 – via The Nizkor Project.
  10. ↑ "D'Koreaner aus dem Lëtzebuerger Land (Koreans from Luxembourg)". Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  11. ↑ "The Steel Industry That Made Luxembourg's Fortune". Luxembourg.lu. 9 January 2024. Archived from the original on 24 January 2024. Retrieved 24 January 2024.
  12. ↑ Abnett, Kate (29 February 2020). "Luxembourg becomes first country to make public transport free". Reuters. Luxembourg. Archived from the original on 20 November 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  13. ↑ solutions, EIU digital. "Democracy Index 2016 – The Economist Intelligence Unit". www.eiu.com. Archived from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  14. ↑ "Luxembourg". Stadtklima (Urban Climate). Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 19 April 2007.
  15. ↑ "Luxembourg scorches on hottest day ever". Archived from the original on 2023-01-18. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
  16. ↑ "Luxembourg's territory". Luxembourg.public.lu. 20 September 2020. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
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